Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 12th Chapter Sixteen

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Bathing soaps are potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually soft and also free from unused alkali. While washing soaps are sodium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually hard and also contain some residual alkali.

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Glycerol is obtained as a side product during the formation of soaps.

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Antimicrobial drugs can kill the microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, viruses or other parasites. They can, alternatively inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes.

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Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonistic drugs. For example, cimetidine antacid drug.

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The narcotic drugs relieve pain and produce sleep. Therefore, these are commonly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and pain of terminal cancer and in child birth.

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Narcotic analgesics which are obtained from opium poppy are called opiates. Examples are morphine and its derivatives like codeine and heroin (morphine diacetate).

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Magnesium hydroxide is a better antacid because being insoluble, it does not allow the pH to increase above neutral. However, sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) being soluble, its excess can make the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid.

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Antiseptics are applied to living tissues whereas disinfectants are applied to non-living objects such as drains, toilets, floors and utensils.

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A person suffers from depression when he has low levels of noradrenaline. Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter which plays a role in mood changes. Low level of noradrenaline lowers the signal-sending activity and make the person suffer from depression.

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Analgesics are neurologically active pain killing drugs that reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, co¬ordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system. For example, aspirin, ibuprofen, paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, etc.