Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 12th Chapter Sixteen

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Soaps are biodegradable. The detergents are quite stable and are non- biodegradable because of branching in hydrocarbon chain hence cause water pollution. Therefore, it is safer to use soap from the environmental point of view.

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Straight chain hydrocarbons in synthetic detergent leads to easy biodegrad-ability because the branched chain hydrocarbon tail is a source of pollution. Therefore, lesser the branching more is the biodegradability.

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Micelle formation of the detergent can be shown as:

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Non-ionic detergents such as polyethylene glycol stearate are used as dishwashing soaps.

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Cationic detergents such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide are used in hair shampoos and hair conditioners.

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Anionic detergents such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide are used in hair shampoos and hair conditioners.

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Detergents (which are not biodegradable) persist in water even after sewage treatment and that causes foaming in river water.

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Acid-base titration can be used to determine the excess amount of alkali in soap. The excess alkali left after hydrolysis of oils or fats can be the source of alkalinity in soap.

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Soft soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid).

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Antihistamines are the drugs which control the allergy effects produced by histamines. Antacids are the substances which neutralise gastric acidity. Antihistamine do not affect the secretion of acid in stomach and the reason is that both antiallergic and antacid drugs work on different receptors.