Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 12th Chapter Sixteen

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(b) Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. A gum called rosin is added in these soaps which forms sodium rosinate which enhances lathering property of soap.

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(b) Equanil is a tranquilizer used in controlling depression and hypertension.

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(d) All soaps are made by boiling fats or oils with suitable hydroxide. Variations are made by adding different raw materials. Sodium laurylsulphate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate are anionic detergents.

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(b) The compound that causes general antidepressant action on the central nervous system belongs to the class of tranquilizers.

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(a) A narrow spectrum antibiotic is active against gram positive or gram negative bacteria.

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(a) Salvarsan is arsenic containing drug which was first used for treatment of syphilis. Syphilis is an acute and chronic infections disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted infection. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact but it may also be transmitted from mother to foetus during pregnancy or at birth.

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(a) Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. Some tranquilizers are antidepressants and the functions by inhibiting the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline.

If the enzyme is inhibited, the neurotransmitter noradrenaline is slowly metabolized and can thus activate the receptor for longer periods there by counteracting the effect of depression. Tranquilizers form an essential component of sleeping pills.

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(c) The most useful classification of drugs for medicinal chemists. It is on the basis of molecular targets. Target molecules are usually biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These drugs possess some common structural features, may have the same mechanism of action on a specific drug target.

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(a) Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of compounds known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissues and cause pain. So, it is effective in relieving pain.

Aspirin has many other effects such as reducing fever (antipyretic) and preventing blood platelet coagulation. Because of this anti-blood clotting action, it is widely used to prevent heart.attacks. It does not make a person addictive as it is non-narcotic drug.

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(c) Birth control pills contain a mixture of estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Both of these are sex hormones. Progesterone suppresses ovulation and estrogen control the menstrual cycle.