Class 10th

The simple past tense in English, according to Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, is used to 'describe actions or events that happened at a specific time in the past and are now completed. It's often used in narratives to recount completed actions in the past.'

Ellipsis is an English punctuation mark with the symbol “.”. An ellipsis is three evenly spaced dots, which indicates an incomplete thought or omission of some words. These three dots show that the sentence has been left incomplete deliberately.

For example: I am not sure what to do … I think we should take a break.

Some punctuations are categorized as end punctuations. The end punctuations are:

• Periods (.) – It is used to mark an end to the sentences.
• Question marks (? ) – It is used to end the sentence to indicate a query or direct question.
• Exclamation marks (!) – It is used to end the sentence to indicate emphasis or strong emotions.

There are 14 punctuation marks in English. Of these, the commonly used 5 punctuation marks are:

• Commas
• Period or Full Stop
• Apostrophes
• Exclamation mark
• Question mark

Punctuation is a set of marks used in a sentence to add clarity and meaning in the piece of writing. There are 14 punctuation marks in English. These punctuations are:

• Commas
• Period or Full Stop
• Apostrophes
• Colon
• Semicolon
• Exclamation mark
• Question mark
• Parenthesis
• Brackets
• Braces
• Dash
• Hyphen
• Ellipsis 
• Quotation mark

Etymology and word roots are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the English language, both in spoken and written forms. Semicolon by Cecelia Watso, The Adventure of English by Melvyn Bragg, History in English Words by Owen Barfield, Made in America by Bill Bryson, are some of the best books to study etymology and roots. 

The detailed study about etymology and roots helps in knowing word roots and prefixes/suffixes can help you learn and understand new words. Etymology is helpful in language learning because it helps you identify shared roots across languages.

Students need to be clear that while etymology is the study of the origin and history of words, roots are the core, unchangeable part of a word, often derived from ancient languages like Latin or Greek. Look for affixes (prefixes and suffixes): These are word parts added before or after the root, modifying the meaning but not the core of the word. Identify related words with the same root, showing the word's evolution.

Word roots are the basic units of meaning in a word. They can be termed as the 'stem' of the word with prefixes and suffixes adding specific nuances to the meaning. It's that part of the word that's left after all affixes are removed — the prefixes like "un-" or "anti-" and suffixes such as "-able" and "-tion." For example, in a word like "lovely," when you take away the suffix "-ly," you're left with the root word "love."