Class 12th

The best test for distinguishing methyl amine and dimethylamine is the Carbylamines test.

Carbylamine Test: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form foul-smelling isocyanides or carbylamines.

In this case, Methylamine (which is an aliphatic primary amine) gives a positive carbylamine test while dimethylamine wont.

Hinsberg's reagent (benzenesulphonyl chloride, C₆H₅SO₂Cl). can be used to distinguish secondary and tertiary amines.

Hinsberg Test: Secondary amines react with Hinsberg's reagent to form a product that is insoluble in an alkali. For example, N, N? diethylamine reacts with Hinsberg's reagent to form N,

N? diethylbenzenesulphonamide, which is insoluble in an alkali. Tertiary amines, however, do not react with Hinsberg's reagent.

Azo-dye test can be used to distinguish ethylamine and aniline.

Azo-dye test: A dye is obtained when aromatic amines react with HNO₂ (NaNO₂ + dil.HCl) at 0- 5°C, followed by a reaction with the alkaline solution of 2-naphthol. The dye is usually yellow, red, or orange in colour. Aliphatic amines give a brisk effervescence due to the evolution of N₂ gas under similar conditions.

Aniline and benzylamine can be distinguished with the help of nitrous acid.

Nitrous acid test: Benzylamine reacts with nitrous acid to form unstable diazonium salt, which in turn gives alcohol with the evolution of nitrogen gas, while aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form a stable diazonium salt without releasing nitrogen gas.

Carbylamine test can be used to distinguish between Aniline and N-methylaniline.

Carbylamine Test: Primary amines, on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide, form foul smelling isocyanides or carbylamines. Aniline, being an aromatic primary

amine, gives positive carbylamine test. However, N-methylaniline, being a secondary amine does not.

8.14 The elements in the first-half of the transition series exhibit many oxidation states with Mn exhibiting a maximum number of oxidation states (+2 to +7). The stability of +2 oxidation state increases with the increase in atomic number. This happens as more electrons are getting filled in the d-orbital.

However, Sc ( [Ar] 3d¹4s²) does not show +2 oxidation state, instead, it loses all the three valence electrons to form Sc³⁺. The +3 oxidation state of Sc is very stable as it attains stable configuration.

For Mn ( [Ar] 3d⁵4s²), +2 oxidation state is very stable because after losing two electrons, it attains stable half-filled structure.

1 - Methylethanamine

The root name is based on the longest chain with the -NH₂ attached. The chain is numbered so as to give the amine unit the lowest possible number. The longest chain is ethane chain which is further suffixed with 'amine'.

2 - Propan-1-amine

The longest chain here is propane. The naming is such that amine unit should get a the lowest possible number. Propane-1-amine can also be written as 1-propylamine.

3 - N−Methyl-2-methylethanamine

The chain is numbered so as to give the amine unit the lowest possible number. The other alkyl group is treated as a substituent, with N as the locant. The N locant is listed before numerical locants. The longest chain is ethane which has a Methyl substituent group.

4 - 2-Methylpropan-2-amine

Propane is the longest chain and is joined to the amine group at the 2^nd position. Another substituent methyl group is also at the same position.

5 - N−Methylbenzamine or N-methylaniline

Aniline is considered as the principle group. The other alkyl group is treated as a substituent, with N as the locant.

6 - N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

This is a tertiary group of amine. The root name is based on the longest chain with an amine having the lowest possible number. The alkyl groups are treated as substituents with N as the locant.

7 - 3-Bromobenzenamine or 3-bromoaniline

Benzene is considered as the principle group. The substituent is bromine which is numbered 3.