NCERT Physics 12th

As per the NCERT Textbooks

“An integrated Chip consists of many passive and active components fabricated on a single chip of silicon. these ICs are compact, low-cost, and highly reliable. They consume less power and have high speed.”

These ICs are used in majority of our daily use electronics and

 A p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral despite having more holes, because the number of positively charged holes is exactly balanced/equal by the number of negatively charged acceptor ions introduced during doping. so practically untill any volatage is applied the semiconductor remains

As per NCERT Textbboks"If forward current is too large, it can produce large heating and damage the junction. So, a resistor is used in series with the diode to limit the current in the circuit.”

It means when a semiconductor diode is connected to a source under high current it causes excess heat due

1.12 (a) Charge on sphere A, $q_A$ = 6.5 $\times {10}^{-7}$ C

Charge on sphere B, $q_B$ = 6.5$\times {10}^{-7}$ C

Distance between the spheres, r = 50 cm = 0.5 m

Force of repulsion between two spheres

F = $\frac{1}{4\pi {?}_0}$ $\times \frac{q_1{q}_2}{r^2}$ , where ${?}_0$= Permittivity of free space = 8.854$\times {10}^{-12}$ 
  $C^2{N}^{-1}$$m^{-2}$Therefore, F =  $\frac{1}{4\times \pi \times {8.854\mathrm{}\times {10}^{-12}}_{}}$ $\times \frac{6.5\mathrm{}\times {10}^{-7}\times 6.5\mathrm{}\times {10}^{-7}}{{0.5}^2}$N = 0.0152 N = 1.52  $\times {10}^{-2}$N

(b) Cha

As per the NCERT Textbooks, Thomson proposed a Atomic Structure of Atom that tells" An atom consists of a positively charged sphere in which the electrons are embedded like the seeds are embedded in watermelon. This model is often compared to a pudding or watermelon with electrons distributed like r