Physics Semiconductor Devices

$i_{battery}=\frac{\left(20-5\right)}{200}=\frac{15}{200}A$

$i_{300\Omega }=\frac{5}{300}A$

$i_{zener}=\frac{15}{200}-\frac{5}{300}$  

= 58.33 mA

Here  $\Delta V_c=0.5V,\Delta i_c=0.05mA=0.05*10^{-3}A$

Output resistance is given by

$R_{out}=\frac{\Delta V_c}{\Delta i_c}=\frac{0.5}{0.5*10^{-3}}=10^4\Omega =10k\Omega .$

$i_b=\frac{5-0.7}{8.6}=0.5mA$

$\Rightarrow I_c=\beta I_b=100*0.5 mA$

By using 

$V_{CE}=V_{CC}-I_C{R}_L=18-50*10^{-3}*100=13 V$

The charge on hole is positive.

Dynamic Resistance at 2v

 = $\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta I}=\frac{2.1-2}{\left(10-5\right)*10^{-3}}=\frac{0.1}{5}*10^3$  

Dynamic Resistance at 4 v

= $\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta I}=\frac{4.2-4}{\left(250-200\right)}=\frac{0.2}{50*10^{-3}}=\frac{0.2}{50}*10^3$  

$\frac{R_{2v}}{R_{4v}}=\frac{0.1*10^3*50}{5*0.2*10^3}=5:1$  

using factual data.

Diode conducts current only in one direction

From Truth table $Y=\overline{AB}$ .

$T\downarrow \left(300Kto70K\right)$

$\begin{array}{l}T\downarrow R_{meta1}\downarrow R\uparrow \\ \left(Al\right)\left(Si\right)\end{array}$ semi? conductor

If the multimeter shows zero or low resistance reading for forward bias and does not change even on reversing the connection then the diode is defective. It is short.

If the diode shows a high resistance under both forward and reverse biased conditions, it is defective. It is open.

If the multimeter shows zero or low resistance reading for forward bias and shows high resistance reading on reversing the connection then the diode is not defective.