Physics

Radius, R = R₀A^1/3

The two conditions for equilibrium in physics are

1. Translational Equilibrium: The net force acting on the object must be zero, which means all the horizontal and vertical forces cancel each other out.
2. Rotational Equilibrium: The net torque must also be zero, indicating that the clockwise and counter-clockwise torques are balanced. 

To reach equilibrium, all the forces and torques acting on an object need to balance each other out. In short, every action force must be met with an equal and opposite reaction. Static equilibrium happens when the object is at rest. Dynamic equilibrium is when it's moving at a constant velocity. Usually, we draw a free-body diagram to visualise these forces. Further, to prove that the object has reached equilibrium state, we use Newton's laws to prove that both the net force and net torque equal zero. 

Equilibrium in physics tells us about a situation where an object's motion or resting situation does not change. This can mean the object is either at rest (static) or moving at a steady speed (dynamic). This state occurs when there's no net external force or torque acting on the object. This thought follows Newton's First Law, which we know that an object will maintain its state of motion unless a force acts upon it. 

Surfaces that are hard, smooth, and non-porous are sound reflectors. Common examples of such materials include concrete, metal, glass, plaster, and marble. In contrast, soft and porous materials tend to absorb sound waves. In short, both porous and non-porous reflect sound waves, but the effect of reflection is lesser with porous materials.

A reflection of sound that you hear with a delay after the original sound is an echo. But when there are multiple reflections, they build up. They further blend with the source sound. That phenomenon is reverberation.

Reflection of sound occurs when sound waves bounce off a boundary-like surface. It's pretty similar to how we observe a ball that bounces off a wall after it hits. It practically follows the law of reflection. This law states that the angle of the wave's approach equals the angle of its departure. 

Refraction of sound is similar to what you know about refraction of light. It's the bending of sound waves when passing from one medium to another. Variables, such as different temperature or density, leads to the change in the speed of sound.

The inductor generates induced electromotive force (EMF) and opposes the changes in the current flow. Due to this the current lag the voltage by 90 degrees.

$k_{\alpha }=2eV\Rightarrow P_{\alpha }=\sqrt[]{2K_{\alpha }{m}_{\alpha }}$

k_P = eV P_P = $\sqrt[]{2K_P{m}_P}$

$\therefore \frac{P_{\alpha }}{P_P}=\sqrt[]{\frac{K_{\alpha }{m}_{\alpha }}{K_P{m}_P}}=\sqrt[]{\frac{2*\left(4m_P\right)}{m_P}}\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sqrt[]{8}:1\hfill & \hfill 2\sqrt[]{2}:1\hfill \end{array}$

$I=I_{0}co{s}^{2}30°$

$=I_0{\left(\frac{\sqrt[]{3}}{2}\right)}^2=\frac{3}{4}{I}_0$