Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 11th Chapter Thirteen

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(ii) The electronegativity of sp hybridization is higher than that of sp³ hybridization.

The +I effect destabilizes the carbanion.

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(iii) The addition of alkyl halides to propene depends upon the H-X bond strength i.e. lesser the bond strength higher will be the reactivity of the alkyl halide. As down the group size of the halogens increases thus the bond strength decreases.

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(iv) The two substituents attached to the same C atom of the C=C bond should be different to exhibit geometrical isomerisms.

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(i) The reaction follows Markovnikov's rule leading to giving 2^o carbocation as an intermediate.

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(i) 3, 6 – Diethyl – 2 – methyl octane

Octane is the longest chain here and the side chain follows the lowest sum rule.

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(ii) R–Cl< RBr < RI 

The reduction of alkyl halides depends upon the C-X bond strength i.e. lesser the bond strength higher will be the reactivity of alkyl halide. As down the group size of the halogens increases thus the bond strength decreases.

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(i) I₂< Br₂< Cl₂< F₂

The reactivity of halogens with alkanes depends on the electronegativity i.e. higher the electronegativity higher would be the reaction. As down the group reactivity decrease so thus its reactivity.

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(iv) C > B > D > A

The boiling point increases with the increase in the length of the side chain. However, with the branching, the boiling point decreases due to the decrease in the surface area.

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The reaction is

The alkane is

The tertiary bromide is

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The 2-methylpropane would lead to two types of radicals.

Among the two 3^o radical is most stable as it contains 9 ∝ -hydrogen whereas 1^o radical contains only 1 ∝ -hydrogen.