Chemistry

In the metallurgy of aluminium, purified Al₂O₃ is mixed with Na₃AIF₆ or CaF₂ which lowers the melting point of the mixture and brings conductivity.

Sucrose is non-reducing sugar. It does not reduce Fehling solution.

Heavier element of p block do not from pπ− pπ bonds as their atomic orbital are so large and diffius that they cannot have effecitve overlapping.

Acyl chloride is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium or barium sulphate. This reaction is called Rosenmund reaction.

The inertness of ? subshell electrons towards bond formation is known as inert pair effect. This effect increases down the group thus, for Sn,  oxidation state is more stable, whereas, for Pb,  oxidation state is more stable, i.e.,  is reducing while  is oxidising.

Sodium carbonate is a white crystalline solid which exists as a decahydrate,  This is also called washing soda.

Due to its high dielectric constant, water is a good solvent.

Bond angles give some idea regarding the distribution of orbitals around the central atom in a molecule/complex ion and hence it helps us in determining its shape