Chemistry

5% solution means 5g of cane sugar is present in 100g of solution

Freezing point of solution = 271k

Freezing point of pure water = 273.15k

Molar mass of cane sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) = 12 * 12 + 1 * 22 + 16 * 11 = 342g

Moles of cane sugar = mass/molar mass = 5/342

⇒ n = 0.0146mol

Molality of solution = moles of solute/mass of solvent (in kg)

⇒ M = 0.0146/0.095

⇒ Molality = 0.154M

Depression in freezing point = ΔT_f = 273.15-271 = 2.15k

Applying the formula: ΔT_f = K_f * M

Where

ΔT_f = depression in freezing point

K_f = molal depression constant

M = molality of solution

⇒ K_f = 2.15/0.154

⇒ K_f = 13.96k kg mol^-1

Second condition: mass of glucose = 5g

Molar mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) = 12 * 6 + 1 * 12 + 16 * 6 = 180g

Moles of glucose = mass/molar mass

⇒ n = 5/180moles

⇒ n = 0.0278mol

Molality of solution = moles of solute/mass of solvent (in kg)

⇒ molality = 0.0278/0.095

⇒ M = 0.2926M

Applying the formula: ΔT_f = K_f * M

Where

ΔT_f = depression in freezing point

K_f = molal depression constant

M = molality of solution

⇒ ΔT_f = 13.96 * 0.2926

⇒ ΔT_f = 4.08k

Freezing point of solution = 273.15 + 4.08 = 277.234k

Given: mass of solute = 30g

Let the molar mass of solute be x g and vapour pressure of pure water at 298k be P₁ ^?

Mass of water(solvent) = 90g

Molar mass of water = H₂O = 1 * 2 + 16 = 18g

Moles of water = mass of water/molar mass

⇒ n = 90/18 moles

⇒ n = 5moles

Molar fraction of solute,

x₂ = moles of solute / moles of solute + moles of octane

x₂ = (30/x) / (30/x) + 5

x₂ = 30 / 30+5x

Vapour pressure of solution (p₁) = 2.8kpa

Applying the formula:

According to second condition when we add 18g of water to solution vapour pressure becomes 2.9kpa

Moles of water = mass/molar mass

⇒ n = 90 + 18/18

⇒ n = 6moles

Molar fraction of solute,

x₂ = moles of solute / moles of solute + moles of octane

x₂ = (30/x) / (30/x) + 6

x₂ = 30 / 30+6x

Applying the formula:

Solving 1 and 2:

Dividing (2) by (1) we get

Substituting value of x in 1 we get

(i) molar mass of the solute = 78g

(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K = 537kpa

16.6

The basis on which drugs are classified in different ways is : - of drugs and the reasons for classification are as follows:

(i) On the basis of pharmacological effect:

This classification provides doctors the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem. Hence, such a classification is very useful to doctors.

(ii) On the basis of drug action:

This classification is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process.

(iii) On the basis of chemical structure:

This classification provides the range of drugs sharing common structural features and often having similar pharmacological activity.

(iv) On the basis of molecular targets:

This classification provides medicinal chemists the drugs having the same mechanism of action on targets. Hence, it is the most useful to medicinal chemists.