NCERT Notes

Nucleic acids are biomolecules which is made of nucleotides. They store and transmit the genetic information. Nucleic acids are of two types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid). The following are the functions of nucleic acids.

1. They store and transfer the genetic information.

2. Nucleic acids help in protein synthesis

The direction of the net magnetic force is always perpendicular to the plane of current-carrying conductors. The direction of the magnetic force is determined through the right-hand rule. 

The right-hand thumb rule states that if you wrap a wire in a way that the thumb points towards the flow of current. Then your curled fingers represent the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field

The valence bond theory explains the covalent bond formation for two half-filled orbitals. The bond strength depends on several factors, including the extent of overlap of the two atomic orbitals. The bond strength is directly proportional to the extent of overlap.

In simple words, the greater the amount of overlap between two orbitals, the stronger the covalent bond will be.

JEE asks many questions based on the comparison of bond strength for two different pairs of atomic orbitals forming a covalent bond. For example, why H–F bond stronger than the F–F bond?

As you know, electrovalent bonds result very strong electrostatic attraction force. All the factors that help maximize this electrostatic attraction are important for the formation of the ionic bond. Here are the important factors;

• Low ionization energy Metal
• High electron affinity Non Metal
• Large-sized cations
• Small-sized anions
• Electronegativity equal to or greater than 1.7

Covalent and electrovalent bonding are the two major chemical bonding processes. These two bonds are different from each other in multiple aspects. Check the table below to know a concise summary of the differences.

The major functions of hormones are:

• Regulating Metabolism
• Controlling Growth and Development
• Managing Stress and Energy
• Regulating Sleep and Mood

Hormones present in the human body are:

• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

• Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormones)

• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

• Adrenal Glands

• Androgens

• Estrogen

• Inhibin

• Testosterone

• Gastrin

• Melatonin

There are multiple factors that make the carbonyl group a strong ligand. Check the list below for the reasons.

• Unlike other alkyl ligands, it is an unsaturated compound.
• Due to its unsaturated nature, it has difficulty donating? electron density.
• It has a tendency to accept? (Pie) antibonding electrons.
• CO ligand acts as Lewis acid and donates a lone pair of electrons to form a metal-carbon bond.
• The? -acidic nature of CO gives a strong field and greater d-orbital splitting.