NCERT

In finding inverses of matrices, solving systems of linear equations, and understanding matrix transformations, the determinants play a crucial role. The Determinants concept is widely used in physics, engineering, computer Science and competitive exams like JEE. Understanding determinants is important for higher mathematical studies.

According to the de Broglie equation, the particles like electrons have wave-like properties. The quantum mechanical model foundation is laid by this concept and it also explains the stability of electron orbits using wave behavior.

The hydrogen atom can be accurately explained by Bohr's model. However, it does not account for shielding effects, electron-electron interactions, and the wave nature of electrons for multi-electron atoms.

Quantum numbers describe the unique position and energy of an electron in an atom. These are a set of four numbers and are important for predicting chemical behavior and understanding the distribution of electrons in orbitals.

The NCERT Exemplar includes analytical, application-based, and reasoning-type questions. It goes beyond the NCERT textbooks and helps students apply theories like VSEPR, hybridization, and MOT. It helps students to prepare for various entrance exams like NEET and JEE by strengthening their conceptual clarity.

Hybridization predicts the geometry and bond angles in complex molecules and it helps in the understanding of how four equivalent bonds in methane (CH? )  can be formed from atoms like carbon. For observed molecular geometries, it explains the formation of the equivalent orbitals (like sp³, sp², sp).

In molecular shape prediction, VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory is important because based on the repulsions between the electron pairs around the central atom, it helps in predicting the three-dimensional shape of molecules. The 3D shape influences the molecule's chemical and physical properties including reactivity, polarity, and intermolecular forces.

A salt bridge in a galvanic cell maintains electrical neutrality by allowing the ions to flow between the two half-cells. It ensures the continuous flow without participating in the reaction. The salt bridge prevents the charges accumulation as such an accumulation can halt the electrochemical reaction by stopping the flow of electrons.

The Nernst equation in Electrochemistry is important because, under non-standard conditions, it allows us to calculate the electrode potential of the half and full cell. This equation shows how the potential of the cell varies with the temperature, concentration, and pressure. In electrochemical cells, it helps in predicting the spontaneity and direction of redox reactions.