Pharmacy

Syllabus:
1. Composition & physical states of matter
Intermolecular forces & their impact on state of the matter. Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van there waal's equation & critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols.
2. Colligative Properties
The liquid state, vapor pressure, ideal & real solutions. Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties.
3. Thermodynamics
First, second & third law of thermodynamics. Thermochemical laws, isothermal & adiabetic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity. Gibb's & Helmoltz equation & chemical potential.
4. Chemical Equilibria.
5. Phase rule
One, two, & three component systems along with their applications. Solid- solid, solid - liquid, & liquid-liquid systems. Distillation of binary systems, a zeotropic mixtures, steam, vacuum, & fractional distillation.
6. Refractive index
Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers.
7. Solutions
Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves. Types of solutions, effect of cosolvancy, pH & other factors on solubility. Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, & solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning & it's applications. Solute solvent interactions. Expression of concentration of pharmaceutical solutions & calculations. Molarity, molality, mole fraction & percentage expressions.
8. Electrochemistry
Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis. Faraday's law of electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells & half-cell potential, types of half cells, sign convention, NERST equation, salt bridge, electromotive series, standard potential, SHE. Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, Calculation of standard potential. Reference & indicator electrodes. Standard.oxidation-reduction potential.
9. Ionic equilibrium
Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of ions, specific conductance.
10. Kinetics
Order of reactions, derivation & internal form of rate laws, molarities of reaction.