Science

Hi Pritam,
If you are in class 12th, you must have a strong knowledge of maths and a keen interest in statistics.
You need to give Acet the entrance exam from IAI. The exam is conducted by IAI twice a year. For more details go through the IAI website. You'll not find the entrance test tuff if you have a great understanding of maths and basic statistics. After passing the entrance exam you can continue with the main process of becoming an actuarial.
To become a fully qualified actuarial from india you need to pass all the 15 exams that consists of :
CT series - 9 exams (all compulsory)
CA series- 3 exams (all compulsory)
ST series - 2 exams ( 9 subjects are given out of which you have to choose 2)
SA series - 1 exam ( 6 subjects are given out of which you have to choose 1 in which you want to do speciality)
All the best! Any comments or doubts are most welcomed.

Hi,
Protoplasts and spheroplasts are altered forms of bacteria or yeast , in which the principal shape-maintaining structure of the bacteria is weakened. Each bacterium forms a sphere, which is the shape that allows the bacterium to withstand the rigors, particularly osmotic, of the fluid in which it resides.
The term protoplast refers to the spherical shape assumed by Gram-positive bacteria. Spheroplast refers to the spherical shape assumed by Gram-negative bacteria. The difference is essentially the presence of a single membrane, in the case of the protoplast, and the two membranes (inner and outer) of the Gram-negative spheroplasts. It is also possible to generate a gram-negative protoplast by the removal of the outer membrane. Thus, in essence, protoplast refers to a bacterial sphere that is bounded by a single membrane and spheroplast refers to a sphere that is bounded by two membranes.
Bacteria are induced to form protoplasts or spheroplasts typically by laboratory manipulation. However, formation of the structures can occur naturally. Such bacteria are referred to as L-forms. Examples of bacterial genera that can produce L-forms include Bacillus, Clostridium, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Vibrio.
The peptidoglycan is the main stress-bearing layer of the bacterial cell wall and the peptidoglycan also gives the bacterium its shape. In the laboratory, weakening the peptidoglycan network in the cell wall generates both protoplasts and spheroplasts.
By exposing bacteria to an enzyme called lysozyme, the interconnecting strands of the two particular sugars that form the peptidoglycan can be cut. When this is done, the peptidoglycan loses the ability to serve as a mechanical means of support.
The situation in yeast is slightly different, as other components of the yeast cell wall are degraded in order to form the protoplast.
I hope it helped.
All the best.