Science

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DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladders rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.

An microbiology degree holder could translate to a career as a college educator or contributing member of a scientific team, which eventually could result in a leadership or management position, such as the director of an immunology or clinical microbiology laboratory. Employers include:
Government agencies, such as the Center for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health
Private health care services and philanthropic organizations, such as the American Cancer Society, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and the American Heart Association
Pharmaceutical companies
Medical schools and university-affiliated teaching hospitals
Veterinary hospitals.

Scope of Higher Studies after B. Sc Physics
The Bachelor degree course in Physics acts as the base to study various higher education courses. Upon completion of the course, the candidate can go for Masters degree in various specialised areas. There is provision to go for higher education after Masters degree in Physics. The list of the possible courses after B.Sc physics is mentioned below.
Master of Science (M.Sc) courses are offered in areas mentioned here
1. Physics
2. Applied Physics and Ballistics
3. Applied Physics
4. Bio-Physics
5. Engineering Physics
6. Geophysics
7. Marine Geo Physics
8. Medical Physics
9. Renewable Energy
Other Master level Courses In Physics
1. M.Sc. (Physics) + Certificate Program in Training & Development
2. Masters of Science & Technology in Geo Physics
3. M.Sc. + Ph.D. (Physics and Astrophysics)
4. Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) in Applied Physics
5. Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) in Physics
PhD Courses in Physics
1. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Applied Physics
2. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biophysics
3. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Chemical Thermodynamics
4. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Kinematics
5. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Nuclear Physics
6. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Physics
7. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Thin Films
8. Career Opportunities after B.Sc Physics
Physics graduates can find ample career openings both in public as well as private sector enterprises. They can apply for all governmental jobs that insist graduation as the basic qualification. One can find various opportunities in governmental organisations like DRDO, VSSC, ISRO, SSPL, etc. They are also recruited in space research centres and in research laboratories. The following list shows some of the common job types and employment areas for Physics graduates.
Job Types
1. Lab Supervisor
2. Researcher
3. Technician
4. Teacher
5. Manager
6. Scientist
7. Consulting Physicist
8. Research Associate
9. Senior Physicist
10. Assistant Scientist
11. Radiation Oncologist
12. Radiologist
13. Professor