Chemistry

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Some substances are added to soap to affect the properties in order to make it useful for a particular application, are called fillers. For example, glycerol is added in shaving soaps, to prevent it from rapid drying. Laundry soaps contain fillers like sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, borax and sodium carbonate to increase their leather forming ability. In medicated soaps, substances of medicinal value are added. In some soaps deodorants are also added.

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Enzymes have active sites that bind the substrate for effective and quick chemical reaction. The functional groups present at the active site of enzyme react with functional groups of substrate via .ionic bonding, van there Waals' interaction, etc. Some drugs interfere with this interaction by blocking the binding site of enzyme and also prevent the binding of actual substrate with enzyme. This inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Therefore, these are called inhibitors.

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Noradrenaline plays an important role in mood change. If the level of noradrenaline is low, the person suffers from depression.

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Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It contracts muscles in the gut and bronchi. It relaxes some other muscles e.g., in the'walls of fine blood vessels. Histamine is also responsible for congestion in the nose associated with common cold and allergies. Histamine stimulates the release of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

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Transparent soaps are prepared by dissolving the soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.

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Bathing soaps are potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually soft and also free from unused alkali. While washing soaps are sodium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually hard and also contain some residual alkali.

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Glycerol is obtained as a side product during the formation of soaps.

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Antimicrobial drugs can kill the microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, viruses or other parasites. They can, alternatively inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes.

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Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonistic drugs. For example, cimetidine antacid drug.