Class 11th

Proteins on hydrolysis gives α-amino acid because α-amino acids are building block of proteins. It is also fact that amino acids contain both –NH₂ and –COOH group.

Electronegativity generally decreases as we move down the group but Pb has higher electronegativity than Sn.

C non-metal

Si and Ge->metalloids

Sn and Pb->metals

E.N. of Sn 1.8, Pb = 1.9

(A) Fluorspar                     –    CaF₂

(B) Cryolite                 –    Na₃ [AlF₆]

(C) Bauxite                 –    Al₂O₃.2H₂O

(D) Dolomite              –    MgCO₃.CaCO₃

$p_{H_2}=P_T{\chi }_{H_2}$  (P_T = total pressure)

(  ${\chi }_{H_2}$ = mole fraction of H₂)

$p_{O_2}=P_T{\chi }_{O_2}$ ( ${\chi }_{O_2}$  = mole fraction of O₂)

$\frac{p_{H_2}}{p_{O_2}}=\frac{{\chi }_{H_2}}{{\chi }_{O_2}}=\frac{n_{H_2}}{n_{O_2}}$

$n_{H_2}=\frac{1}{2}$  mol

$n_{O_2}=\frac{1}{32}$
$\frac{p_{H_2}}{p_{O_2}}=\frac{1}{2*1}=32$

$\frac{p_{H_2}}{p_{O_2}}=\frac{32}{2}=\frac{16}{1}$

For spontaneous process △G < 0

For reversible process △G = 0

We cannot call the trailing zeroes as significant numbers. If you remember from the rules, it needs to have a decimal point somewhere to be considered as one. What is recommended is that one can use the measure as to the power of 10.  

Resonance energy is the energy difference between most stable resonating structure andactual structure.

HBr adds to alkene in accordance with Markovnikov's rule.