Definite Integrals

${\displaystyle \int \frac{\left(sinx-cosx\right)si{n}^{2}x}{tanx\left(si{n}^{3}x+co{s}^{3}x\right)}dx}$

${\displaystyle \int \frac{\left(sinx-cosx\right)sinxcosx}{si{n}^{3}x+co{s}^{3}x}dx}$ , put sin³x + cos³x = t(3 sin²x×cosx – 3cos²xsinx) dx = dt

-> $\frac{1}{3}{\displaystyle \int \frac{dt}{t}}$

$=\frac{lnt}{3}+c$

$=\frac{ln\left|si{n}^{3}x+co{s}^{3}x\right|}{3}+c$

$l={\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\left[x^2-2x+1-3\right]dx=}{\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\left[{\left(x-1\right)}^2-3\right]dx={\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\left[{\left(x-1\right)}^2\right]dx-3{\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}dx}}}$ .(A)

$l_1={\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\left[{\left(x-1\right)}^2\right]dxPut{\left(x-1\right)}^2=t}$

$l_1=\frac{1}{2}\left[0{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{\int }}\frac{dt}{\sqrt[]{t}}}{\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{2}{\int }}\frac{dt}{\sqrt[]{t}}}+2{\displaystyle \underset{2}{\overset{3}{\int }}\frac{dt}{\sqrt[]{t}}}+3{\displaystyle \underset{3}{\overset{4}{\int }}\frac{dt}{\sqrt[]{t}}}\right]=\frac{1}{2}\left\{{\left|\frac{t^{\frac{-1}{2}+1}}{-\frac{1}{2}+1}\right|}_1^2{\left|+2\frac{t^{\frac{-1}{2}+1}}{-\frac{1}{2}+1}\right|}_2^3{+3\frac{t^{\frac{-1}{2}+1}}{-\frac{1}{2}+1}]}_3^4\right\}$

Hence from (A)

= $5-\sqrt[]{2}-\sqrt[]{3}-\sqrt[]{3}-6=-1-\sqrt[]{2}-\sqrt[]{3}$

2^nd method           

${\displaystyle \underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\left[{\left(x-1\right)}^2\right]dx-6..............\left(A\right)}$

From (A), $l=5-\sqrt[]{2}-\sqrt[]{3}-6=-1-\sqrt[]{2}-\sqrt[]{3}$

    $l={\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}f\left(x\right)dx={\left[xf\left(x\right)\right]}_0^2-{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}xf\text{'}\left(x\right)dx=2e^2-{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}xf\text{'}\left(x\right)dx}}}$    .(A)

Put $l_1={\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}xf\text{'}\left(x\right)dx}$               .(i)

Using properties ${\displaystyle \underset{a}{\overset{b}{\int }}f\left(x\right)dx={\displaystyle \underset{a}{\overset{b}{\int }}f\left(a+b-x\right)dx}}$

$l_1={\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}\left(2-x\right)f\text{'}\left(2-x\right)dx={\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}\left(2-x\right)f\text{'}\left(x\right)dx}}$ .(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii) we get

$2l_1=2{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }}f\text{'}\left(x\right)dx\Rightarrow l_1={\left[f\left(x\right)\right]}_0^2}$

f(2) – f(0) = e² – 1

From (A) l = 2e² – e² + 1 = e² + 1

Given $l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_0^1{x}^{m-1}{\left(1-x\right)}^{n-1}dx............\left(i\right)}$  

put 1 - x = $t\{\begin{array}{l}x=0,t=1\\ x=1,t=0\end{array}$  

dx = -dt

From (i) $l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_1^0{\left(1-t\right)}^{m-1}.t^{n-1}\left(-dt\right)}$  

$l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_0^1{t}^{n-1}{\left(1-t\right)}^{m-1}dt={\displaystyle {\int }_0^1{x}^{n-1}{\left(1-x\right)}^{m-1}dx..........\left(ii\right)}}$                              

(i)   $l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_{\infty }^0\frac{1}{{\left(1+y\right)}^{m-1}}}{\left(1-\frac{1}{1+y}\right)}^{n-1}\left(\frac{-dy}{{\left(1+y\right)}^2}\right)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{y^{n-1}}{{\left(1+y\right)}^{m+n}}dy}..........\left(iii\right)$

Similarly by (ii) $l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{y^{m-1}}{{\left(y+1\right)}^{m+n}}dy..........\left(iv\right)}$  

Adding (iii) & (iv) $2l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{y^{n-1}+y^{m+1}}{{\left(y+1\right)}^{m+n}}}$  

Putting   $\frac{1}{z}\{\begin{array}{l}y=1,z=1\\ y=\infty ,z=0\end{array}$ $\Rightarrow dy=\frac{-1}{z^2}dz$  

Hence  $l_{m,n}={\displaystyle {\int }_0^1\frac{x^{m-1}+x^{n-1}}{{\left(1+x\right)}^{m+n}}}$ d

$l=\frac{48}{{\pi }^4}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }\left[{\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)}^3-\frac{3{\pi }^2}{4}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)+\frac{{\pi }^3}{4}\right]\frac{sinxdx}{1+co{s}^{2}x}}$

Using ${\displaystyle {\int }_a^{b}f\left(x\right)dx={\displaystyle {\int }_a^{b}f\left(a+b-x\right)dx}}$

we get $l=\frac{48}{{\pi }^4}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }\left[-{\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)}^3+\frac{3{\pi }^2}{4}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)+\frac{{\pi }^3}{4}\right]\frac{sinxdx}{1+co{s}^{2}x}}$

Adding these two equations, we get

$\Rightarrow l=\frac{12}{\pi }{\left[-ta{n}^{-1}\left(cosx\right)\right]}_0^{\pi }=\frac{12}{\pi }.\frac{\pi }{2}=6$

$\therefore {\displaystyle \underset{-6}{\overset{0}{\int }}f\left(x\right)dx=2\times \frac{1}{2}\left(2+5\right)\times 3=21}$

Given a > b

Area common to x² + y² $\le a^{2}and\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}\le 1$  

is $\pi a^2-\pi ab=30\pi ..............\left(i\right)$  

Similarly $\pi ab-\pi b^2=18\pi .................\left(ii\right)$  

Equation (i) and equation (ii)  $\frac{a}{b}=\frac{5}{3}$  

Equation (i) + equation (ii) $a^2-b^2=48$  

a² = 75, b² = 27

$x^4-2x^3+2x-1={\left(x-1\right)}^2\left(x^2-1\right)$

$sin\pi x=sin(\pi \left(1-x\right)$

$=-sin\left(sin\pi \left(x-1\right)\right)$

$\underset{x\to 1}{lim}\frac{\left(x^2-1\right)\cdot si{n}^2\pi x}{\left(x^2-1\right){\left(x-1\right)}^2}=\underset{x\to 1}{lim}\frac{si{n}^2\left(\pi \left(x-1\right)\right)}{{\left(x-1\right)}^2}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{lim}\frac{si{n}^2\left(\pi \left(x-1\right)\right)}{{\left(\pi \left(x-1\right)\right)}^2}\cdot {\pi }^2$

=2

${\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{\int }}\left[-8x^2+6x-1\right]dx}$  

Let f (x) = -8x² + 6x – 1

f (0) = -1, f (1) = -3

max f (x) =  $-\frac{D}{4a}=-\frac{36-32}{-32}=\frac{1}{8}$  

= $-\frac{1}{4}-1\left(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{\lambda }{2}\right)-2\left(\frac{\sqrt[]{17}-3}{8}-\frac{3}{4}\right)-3\left(1-\frac{\sqrt[]{17}-3}{8}\right)$  

= $\frac{\sqrt[]{17}-13}{8}$  

$S=\left\{\theta \in \left[0,2\pi \right]:8^{2si{n}^{2}x}+8^{2co{s}^{2}x}=16\right\}$

Now apply AM $\ge GM$ for $\frac{8^{2si{n}^{2}x}+8^{2co{s}^{2}x}}{2}\le {\left(8^{2si{n}^{2}x+2co{s}^{2}x}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\Rightarrow 8^{2si{n}^{2}x}=8^{2co{s}^{2}x}$  

Þ $si{n}^2\theta =co{s}^2\theta$               $\therefore \theta =\frac{\pi }{4},\frac{3\pi }{4},\frac{5\pi }{4},\frac{7\pi }{4}$

$=4+\left[cosec\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+\pi \right)+cosec\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+3\pi \right)+cosec\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+5\pi \right)+cosec\left(\frac{\pi }{2}+7\pi \right)\right]$

$=4-2\left(4\right)=-4$