English

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

The formation of polymers, long-chain molecules made of repeating units of monomers, is a far more difficult experimental problem than the formation of monomers. Polymerization reactions tend to be dehydration. A molecule of water is lost in the formation of a peptide from two amino acids or of a disaccharide sugar from two monomers. Dehydrating agents are used to initiate polymerization. The polymerization of amino acids to form long protein-like molecules (“proteinoids”) was accomplished through dry heating by American biochemist Sidney Fox and his colleagues. The polyamine acids that he formed are not random molecules unrelated to life. They have distinct catalytic activities. Long polymers of amino acids were also produced from hydrogen cyanide and anhydrous liquid ammonia by American chemist Clifford Matthews in simulations of the early upper atmosphere.

Some evidence exists that ultraviolet irradiation induces combinations of nucleotide bases and sugars in the presence of phosphates or cyanides. Some condensing agents such as cyanamide are efficiently made under simulated primitive conditions. Despite the breakdown by the water of molecular intermediates, condensing agents may quite effectively induce polymerization, and polymers of amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides have all been made this way.

That adsorption of relevant small carbon compounds on clays or other minerals may have concentrated these intermediates was suggested by the British scientist John Desmond Bernal. The concentration of some kind is required to offset the tendency for water to break down polymers of biological significance. Phosphorus, with which Deoxyribose sugar forms the “backbone” of DNA and is integrally involved in cell energy transformation and membrane formation, is preferentially incorporated into pre-biological organic molecules. It is hard to explain how such a preference could have happened without the concentration of organic molecules.

What happens during the polymerization reaction?

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

The formation of polymers, long-chain molecules made of repeating units of monomers, is a far more difficult experimental problem than the formation of monomers. Polymerization reactions tend to be dehydration. A molecule of water is lost in the formation of a peptide from two amino acids or of a disaccharide sugar from two monomers. Dehydrating agents are used to initiate polymerization. The polymerization of amino acids to form long protein-like molecules (“proteinoids”) was accomplished through dry heating by American biochemist Sidney Fox and his colleagues. The polyamine acids that he formed are not random molecules unrelated to life. They have distinct catalytic activities. Long polymers of amino acids were also produced from hydrogen cyanide and anhydrous liquid ammonia by American chemist Clifford Matthews in simulations of the early upper atmosphere.

Some evidence exists that ultraviolet irradiation induces combinations of nucleotide bases and sugars in the presence of phosphates or cyanides. Some condensing agents such as cyanamide are efficiently made under simulated primitive conditions. Despite the breakdown by the water of molecular intermediates, condensing agents may quite effectively induce polymerization, and polymers of amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides have all been made this way.

That adsorption of relevant small carbon compounds on clays or other minerals may have concentrated these intermediates was suggested by the British scientist John Desmond Bernal. The concentration of some kind is required to offset the tendency for water to break down polymers of biological significance. Phosphorus, with which Deoxyribose sugar forms the “backbone” of DNA and is integrally involved in cell energy transformation and membrane formation, is preferentially incorporated into pre-biological organic molecules. It is hard to explain how such a preference could have happened without the concentration of organic molecules.

Which of the following statement is NOT true as per the given passage?

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1.This harms aquatic ecosystems, human health and also pollutes major sources of freshwater.

2. Harmful chemicals from pesticides not only pollute the soil and water around the farms but also reach rivers and oceans, a new study established. 

3. Globally, around 70,000 tonnes of potentially harmful chemicals find their way into aquifers every year, the report published in the journal Nature showed. 

4. The findings are based on an analysis of the geographical distribution of 92 common pesticides.

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's conviction about their own capacity to control what happens in their lives and this knowledge suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before it strikes.

2. Just like adults, sceptical methods of deciphering defeats appear to take care of the feeling of helplessness and misery at the heart of youngsters' depression.

3. That individuals who are as of now discouraged think in these manners have long been known.

4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control what happens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better.

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Originating from the Mongol heartland in the Steppe of central Asia, by the late 13th century it spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west. At its peak, it covered some 9 million square miles (23 million square km) of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire in world history.
The year 1206, when Temüjin, son of Yesügei, was elected Genghis Khan of a federation of tribes on the banks of the Onon River, must be regarded as the beginning of the Mongol empire. This federation not only consisted of Mongols in the proper sense—that is, Mongol-speaking tribes—but also included tribes of Turkish descent. 
Before 1206, Genghis Khan was one of the tribal leaders fighting for supremacy in the steppe regions south and southeast of Lake Baikal; his victories over the Kereit and then the Naiman Turks, however, gave him undisputed authority over the whole of what is now Mongolia. 
Having united the steppe tribes, Genghis Khan ruled over some 1 million people. In order to suppress the traditional causes of tribal warfare, he abolished inherited aristocratic titles. He also forbade the selling and kidnapping of women, banned the enslavement of any Mongol and made livestock theft punishable by death. Moreover, Genghis Khan ordered the adoption of a writing system, conducted a regular census, granted diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors and allowed freedom of religion well before that idea caught on elsewhere. A series of campaigns, some of them carried out simultaneously, followed.
All these things majorly contributed to the establishment of Mongol empire.

Which of the following provisions was not established by Genghis Khan?

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Originating from the Mongol heartland in the Steppe of central Asia, by the late 13th century it spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west. At its peak, it covered some 9 million square miles (23 million square km) of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire in world history.

The year 1206, when Temüjin, son of Yesügei, was elected Genghis Khan of a federation of tribes on the banks of the Onon River, must be regarded as the beginning of the Mongol empire. This federation not only consisted of Mongols in the proper sense—that is, Mongol-speaking tribes—but also included tribes of Turkish descent.

Before 1206, Genghis Khan was one of the tribal leaders fighting for supremacy in the steppe regions south and southeast of Lake Baikal; his victories over the Kereit and then the Naiman Turks, however, gave him undisputed authority over the whole of what is now Mongolia.

Having united the steppe tribes, Genghis Khan ruled over some 1 million people. In order to suppress the traditional causes of tribal warfare, he abolished inherited aristocratic titles. He also forbade the selling and kidnapping of women, banned the enslavement of any Mongol and made livestock theft punishable by death. Moreover, Genghis Khan ordered the adoption of a writing system, conducted a regular census, granted diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors and allowed freedom of religion well before that idea caught on elsewhere. A series of campaigns, some of them carried out simultaneously, followed.

All these things majorly contributed to the establishment of Mongol empire.

What can be the suitable title for the given passage?

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. Hannibal of the Alps didn't have better data than the raging Mongols.

2. One thing that Hannibal of the Alps knew was that the Mongols totally accepted that no one would assault Azaria from the desert as to do so would be just self-destructive.

3.You may need for capital or labour yet who knows what insane data the opposition might be working from?

4. As Alexander stated, talented pioneers don't simply assemble data, they effectively misuse and control the assumptions of the opposite side.