NCERT

The scalar quantities are physical quantities with no direction and only magnitude (size). Examples of scalar quantities are mass, temperature, speed and distance. On the other hand, vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. The examples are force, acceleration, displacement and velocity.
The scalar quantities can be described by a single number and vectors require both a directional component and a numerical value. In understanding motion, vectors are important because they indicate both the movement's amount and direction. In systems which are more complex with multiple forces or directions, vectors help accurately to represent and analyze motion graphically and mathematically.

Distance and displacement both refer to how far an object has moved, but the meanings are different. The distance is a scalar quantity and it is the total length covered by an object, irrespective of the direction. It is always positive, and talks about how much ground the object has covered. On the other hand, displacement is the vector quantity and refers to the change in position of an object from the initial to the final point. It considers both the magnitude and direction. It can be negative, positive or zero depending on the motion's direction. If one starts from an initial point and covers a distance of 5 meters and then comes back 5 meters again, the distance covered is 10 meters and the displacement is 0 meters. 

Motion in a straight line is used to describe an object's movement along a straight line in a single direction. It is also known as the rectilinear motion. In Motion in a Straight Line, the position of the object changes along one dimension and unless an external force is applied, its direction stays constant. The important concepts related to straight-line motion are velocity, displacement and acceleration. Acceleration measures any change in velocity, displacement refers to the change in position and the velocity indicates the speed and direction. Examples include an apple falling straight downward, and a car moving on a straight road. 

Those who are preparing for any competive exam such as JEE Main, NDA and others really need to memorise formulas. Check the important formulas below;  

Circle

• Standard equation (center at origin): $x^2+y^2=r^2$
  $x^2 + y^2 = r^2$

• General form: $x^2 + y^2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0$

• Center = (–g, –f), Radius = ?(g² + f² – c)

 Parabola: 

• Standard form (horizontal axis): $y^2=4ax$
  $y^2 = 4ax$

• Standard form (vertical axis): $x^2=4ay$
  $x^2 = 4ay$

• Vertex: (0, 0)

• Focus: (a, 0) or (0, a)

• Directrix: x = –a or y = –a

• Latus rectum = 4a

Ellipse: Check all the important topics related to this topic below;

• Standard form (major axis along x-axis): 

  • $\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1$ where a > b

  • Eccentricity: $e=\sqrt{1?\frac{b^2}{a^2}}$
    $e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}}$

• Foci: (±ae, 0)

• Latus rectum: $\frac{2b^2}{a}$

$$Hyperbola: Students can check important formulae related to this topic below;

• Standard form (transverse axis along x-axis):
  $\frac{x^2}{a^2} - \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1$

• Eccentricity:
  $e = \sqrt{1 + \frac{b^2}{a^2}}$

• Foci: (±ae, 0)

• Latus rectum: $\frac{2b^2}{a}$

• Asymptotes:
  $y=\pm \frac{b}{a}x$

According to the mechanical properties of fluids class 11, the liquid's ability to flow in narrow spaces in opposition to external forces like gravity, without assistance is called the capillarity or capillary action.
When the liquid rises or falls in a narrow tube (capillary tube), it is called capillarity. It results from the adhesive forces between the walls of the tube and the liquid and the cohesive forces within the liquid. The liquid rises in a tube and forms a concave meniscus when the cohesive forces are weaker than the adhesive forces. The liquid will be depressed in the tube, if the cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces, forming a convex meniscus.
Several factors determine the height of the liquid column in the capillary tube including the contact angle between the tube and liquid, the surface tension of the liquid and the density of the liquid, the radius of the capillary tube, and the acceleration due to gravity. A higher surface tension and a narrower tube lead to greater rise or fall.