Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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Although all of them have a hydrogen atom connected to an oxygen atom (—O—H), carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols or phenols. This can be explained by the conjugate base's stability after  H+ ions have been removed from the acid and phenol.

This resonance hybrid may be presented as:-

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The presence of a lone pair of electrons on an atom of the OH group diminishes the electrophilic character of C through resonance; carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group. As a result, the carbonyl atom's partial positive charge is lowered.

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Solution: Carbonyl group is polar in nature. Due to larger electronegativity of oxygen as compared to carbon, carbon acquires partial positive charge while O acquires partial negative charge.

Because of slight positive charge on C atom, it is attacked by nucleophiles and, therefore, undergoes nucleophilic addition reaction.
Ethylenic double bond is a non-polar bond and is a source of electrons. Therefore, it is attacked by electrophiles and undergoes electrophilic addition reactions.

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NO₂CH₂COOH  >  FCH₂COOH  > C₆H₅COOH

To begin, determine whether it has an acidic strength associated with it, and whether it is an electron donating or electron withdrawing group. Acidic strength increases as the number of electron withdrawing groups increases. The acidic strength reduces as the electron donating group increases. In decreasing order, the most influential acidic strength is −NO₂> −F> −C₆H₅.

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When alkaline KMnO₄ oxidises compound "B" with compound "A," acid is formed.

When compound "A" is reduced with LiAlH₄, it transforms into compound "B." The letter "B" stands for a type of alcoholic beverage.

When compounds "A" and "B" are heated with conc. H2SO4, compound "C" is formed, which has a fruity odour.

 

 

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It's referred to as cross Aldol Condensation.Cross aldol condensation occurs when two separate aldehydes or ketones combine to form a single molecule.

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ClCH₂COOH > FCH₂COOH > C₆H₅CH₂COOH > , CH₃COOH > CH₃CH₂OH

When compared to other alcohols, CH₃CH₂OH is the least acidic. Because of the halogen, FCH₂COOH is quite acidic. It is either an electron donating group or an electron receiving group in acidic strength. Acidic strength increases as the number of electron withdrawing groups increases. The acidic strength of electron donating groups diminishes.

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The electrophile formed when benzene reacts with benzoyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ is benzoylinium cation, and the resultant product is benzophenone. Friedel Crafts acylation reaction is the name for this reaction.