Chemistry

Bromobenzene is formed in first step (Sandmeyer reaction), which further gives phenyl magnesium bromide. Phenyl magnesium bromide further gives benzene with water.

+Mg (Br)OH

CH? CONH? - (i) LiAlH? , (ii) H? O? )-> CH? NH?

CH? CONH? - (Br? /KOH)-> CH? NH?

CH? CN - (i) LiAlH? , (ii) H? O? )-> CH? NH?

CH? NC - (i) LiAlH? , (ii) H? O)-> CH? NHCH?

Methyl isocyanide gives a secondary amine, CH? NHCH? upon reduction.

Ketones are reduced into hydrocarbons using Zn – Hg/HCl (Clemmenson reduction).

Allylic halide have halogen bonded to sp³ carbon which is adjacent to > C = C <

Initially, after protonation followed by loss of water, secondary carbocation is formed, further Hydride shift leads to 3° carbocation.

Homoleptic complexes have all ligands identical. Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III) is K? [Al (C? O? )? ] which has only oxalate ion as ligand. All others have more than one type of ligands.

The greater stability of Cu²? (aq) rather than Cu? (aq) is due to the much more negative ΔhydH of Cu²? (aq) than Cu? , which more than compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu.

BF? behaves as Lewis acid due to incomplete octet in valence shell of Boron. Hence it can accept a lone pair of electrons.

When the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases, then the catalysis is known as heterogenous catalysis.

1. N? (g) + 3H? (g) - (Fe (s)-> 2NH? (g) (Heterogenous catalysis)

2. 2SO? (g) + O? (g) - (NO (g)-> 2SO? (g) (Homogenous catalysis)

3. C? H? O? (aq) + H? O (l) → C? H? O? (aq) + C? H? O? (aq) (Homogenous catalysis)

4. NO (g) + O? (g) → NO? (g) + O? (g)

A reaction can have zero activation energy, for example, •CH? + •CH? → CH? − CH? has zero activation energy.