Chemistry

5.29 

Catalysis by zeolites is dependent on shape. Because zeolites are shape-selective catalysts. They are alumino silicates which are microporous in nature. It has Honeycomb structure. That makes them shape selective. In zeolites, some si atoms are replaced by Al to form Al-O-Si network.

Reactants are very sensitive to the pore size of zeolites. Zeolites are used in petrochemical industry. Ex- ZSM-5 used to convert alcohol into gasoline.

(i) CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂ + HCl → CH₃CH₂CH₂N⁺H₃Cl^-

The final product is (N-propyl ammonium chloride.)

(ii) (C₂H₅)₃N + HCl → (C₂H₅)₃N⁺HCl^-

The final product is (Tri ethyl ammonium chloride)

5.28

Activity - It is the ability of the catalyst to accelerate the Reaction. It mostly depends upon the Chemisorption strength.

Selectivity - It is an ability to direct reaction to yield of a particular product i.e., One catalyst cannot be a catalyst for other reactions.

8.9 The stability in aqueous condition depends on the hydration energy of the ions when they bond to the water molecules. And, the hydration energy is the amount of heat released as an ionic substance is dissolved and its constituent ions are hydrated or surrounded by water molecules.

Now, in Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ ion, Cu²⁺ has a greater charge density than the Cu⁺ ion and so forms much stronger bonds releasing more energy. Therefore, in an aqueous medium, Cu²⁺ ion is more stable than Cu⁺ ion. This is because the energy required to remove one electron from Cu⁺ to Cu²⁺, is compensated by the high hydration energy of Cu²⁺.

Benzene into aniline

When Benzene is treated with HNO₃/H₂SO₄ it forms nitrobenzene. When Nitrobenzene reduced with Sn/HCL it forms Aniline because Sn/HCl is a reducing Mixture.

When Benzene is reacted with nitrating mixture it forms nitrobenzene. When it Reduced H₂/Pd in ethanol or Sn/HCl, it forms Aniline. When Aniline reacts 2 times with CH₃Cl It forms N, N- dimethylaniline.

When 1,4-dichlorobutane reacts with NaCN it forms Di cyanide compound, After Hydrogenation it forms the Hexane 1,6-Diamine.

5.27

Oxidation of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide in the presence of

(3) Oxidation of ammonia into nitric acid in presence of platinum gauze in Ostwald's process

→ 4NH₃ (g)+ 5O₂ (g) Pt (s) 4NO +6H₂O

(4) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils in presence of Nickel as catalyst

Vegetable oil (l)+H₂ (g) Ni → Vegetable ghee (s)

8.8 Given, Z=atomic number = 27 = [Ar]3d⁷ 4s²

⇒ M²⁺ = [Ar]3d⁷

Hence, 3 unpaired electrons are present.

The spin only magnetic moment μ= √n(n+2)

Where n is the number of unpaired electrons.

Hence, μ =√(3*(3+2))

μ = √15 BM or μ = 3.87 BM

(i) & (ii) There are total 8 geometrical isomers of the given compound.

(iii) a) Pairs 1,2,6,7 Exhibit Position isomerism; means the change in position of the substituent.

b) Pairs 1,3 and 1,4 and 2,3 and 2,4 exhibit chain isomerism i.e. in this type of isomerism the different structures can be produced by changing the chain of the

c) Pairs 5,6 and 5,7 exhibit metamerism; e. different group on either side of the central atom.

d) All Primary amines exhibit functional isomers. All secondary amines share functional isomerism and same for The functional isomerism means same functional group.

8.7 The following reactions are involved when Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ act as reducing

Cr²⁺ = Cr3+ ( E^? _{Cr3+/ Cr2+} = - 0.41 V)

Fe²⁺⇒ Fe³⁺ (E^? _{Fe3+/ Fe2+} = +0.77 V)

Since, Cr has less potential value, Cr²⁺ gets oxidised easily than Fe²⁺. Therefore, Cr²⁺ is a better reducing agent that Fe³⁺.