Class 10th

Personification, is an important literary tool in English language that gives human characteristics to nonhuman things or inanimate objects. The nonhuman things can be animals, objects, or even a concept. The human characteristics given to these things can be emotion, behavior, or actions that bring nonhuman things to life. For example, 'The light danced on the surface of water'. Here the light (non-human) is being said to be dancing, a characteristic of human.

A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing but functions as a noun in a sentence. Although a gerund looks like a verb, it acts as a subject, object, or complement.

Example:

• Joey is taking acting classes.
• Monica is working as a chef at a restaurant.

To identify gerund in a sentence, look for the word ending with '-ing', which is acting as a noun (not a verb or adjective).

Example:

• Painting is fun.
• I am trying to learn German language.
• She is practicing for tomorrow's cricket match.

Yes, a gerund phrase (gerund + modifiers/objects) can act as the subject of a sentence.

Example:

• Eating too must sugar is unhealthy.
• Running every morning keeps me healthy.
• Learning new languages opens up many opportunities.

If a gerund comes at the beginning of a sentence answers the questions "What or Who is performing the action?", it is considered as a subject.

Example:

Reading helps you learn. (Here, 'Reading' is the subject.)

The primary purpose of Figures of Speech is to be more creative and expressive with the language or communication. It also improves the reader experience. Figures of Speech are also to enhance and elevate the language. Moreover, it also adds depth and clarity for the readers. Last but not the least, Figures of Speech adds a touch of humour and comic relief and at times a dramatic effect, which are important components to garner and retain readers' attention.

There are a number of Figures of Speech which are similar to each other but have a subtle difference. Students often get confused between the two, but the confusion and common errors can be mitigated by understanding the differences and regular practice. Some such Figures of Speech are as follows:

·       Simile, Metaphor and Personification

·       Oxymoron and Paradox

·       Paradox and Antithesis

·       Hyperbole and Understatement

·       Apostrophe and Invocation.

There are broadly over 20 types of Figures of Speech. While around 12 are commonly used in day-to-day communication, rest are used specifically for literature elements such as poems, drama or plays, etc.

Some of the most common Figures of Speech are as follows:

·       Simile

·       Metaphor

·       Personification

·       Hyperbole.

This is not the exact or absolute list, but are among the commonly used Figures of Speech. 

Figures of Speech are literary devices which add value to a sentence by providing an imagery, special effect and contrasts to create a vivid impact, drama element and improve the reader engagement. Figures of Speech is widely used in literature such as poems, drama or plays, novels, short stories, etc. Apart from that, Figures of Speech are also used in day to day lives and commercial purposes such as advertisement campaigns.