Class 12th

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Despite the fact that they don't include consuming filthy petroleum products, hydropower ventures are not emissions-free. Regularly, enormous dams flood immense vegetated regions. Thus, the vegetation decays get submerged. In the long run, this prompts the release of methane, an ozone harming substances multiple times as powerful as carbon dioxide. At times, huge dams can result in considerably more lifetime ozone-depleting substance emission than identical conventional sources. And this does not even include the emissions resulting from the construction of such dams – concrete and gear overwhelming undertakings that generally take quite a long while to get built.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: These feelings will peak in the evening leading up to bedtime.

An internal “body clock” regulates your sleep cycle, controlling when you feel tired and ready for bed or refreshed and alert. (1)_________. This clock operates on a 24-hour cycle known as the circadian rhythm. After waking up from sleep, you'll become increasingly tired throughout the day. (2)__________.

This sleep drive – also known as sleep-wake homeostasis – may be linked to adenosine, an organic compound produced in the brain. Adenosine levels increase throughout the day as you become more tired, and then the body breaks down this compound during sleep. Light also influences the circadian rhythm. (3)_________. The brain contains a special region of nerve cells known as the hypothalamus, and a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which processes signals when the eyes are exposed to natural or artificial light. (4)___________. These signals help the brain determine whether it is day or night.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Most of them also offer refill options.

(1)__________. While some companies do not even develop strategies to reduce the use or recycling of plastic, others are actively transforming their products and manufacturing cosmetics that do not leave a mark. (2)________. Big beauty brands like Lush have long offered customers solid shampoo bars, bath bombs, and soap wrapped in biodegradable packaging. (3)_________.Even manufacturers of disposable sheet masks found a solution and created fully-compostable face masks without any plastic polymers and microplastics in their components.

Whether in the makeup or personal care industry, you can find solutions to use mixed materials in your packaging to produce no-waste cosmetics. Dirty Hippie Cosmetics, Elate, Axiology, River Organics, and Izzy is just a few makeup brands that use organic ingredients and recycled cardboard, paper, wood, glass, and metal in their packaging. (4)_________.

Four jumbled up sentences, related to a topic, are given below. Three of them can be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out.

1. Growth factors for wounds are often applied locally (topically) and they may come in the form of gels that are applied directly to the wound.

2. Palifermin, a type of keratinocyte growth factor, is given via injection into a vein and is indicated for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving radiation therapy.

3. Another use for growth factor is in dental procedures to enhance bone growth comes in the form of a dental filler.

4. Growth velocity is maximum during infancy and adolescence. The head circumference reaches closer to adult size by six years of age.