Class 12th

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. PAs, though crucial, are not enough to conserve biodiversity.

2. One of the key targets of the first draft of the Global Biodiversity Framework published recently is to conserve at least 30% of global land and sea areas as protected areas (PAs).

3. This is especially so in the case of landscapes where PAs are not well connected, and buffer areas are largely multi-use.

4. The framework is aimed at advancing the goals of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: As a result, there is less acoustic energy available to travel along the pipe.

(1)__________.The reason that sound travels such a long way in metal pipes is that the acoustic energy largely stays within the water. (2)___________. However, in plastic pipes, a lot of the energy transfers to the pipe wall where it either dissipates as heat or radiates into the surrounding ground. (3) __________To put it simply, the leak noise doesn't travel as far in plastic pipes, so the sound often does not reach the hydrophones placed along the pipe network. (4)___________.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Moreover, insurers are encouraged to make on-account payments at the earliest convenience.

To facilitate speedy processing and settlement of claims, insurers are advised to respond and assist claimants through their 24x7 helplines. (1)_____________. They should establish special claims desks at the district level and assign delegated claims settlement teams. (2) ___________Policyholders are also encouraged to utilise electronic communication methods for correspondence whenever possible. (3)__________. These measures aim to ensure effective support in the claim settlement process of flood victims. (4)_____________.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: We are seven brothers and we had seven shops here.

1. __________. We have been earning our living for the last several decades by selling items required for religious rituals, clothes and utensils in these shops. 2. ____________ In March, the administration reduced everything to rubble without giving any notice,” Dinesh Chandra Dimri, 60, expressed his anger to this reporter amid the debris of his broken shops. 3. __________.
The businesses of many shopkeepers have suffered fates similar to those of the Brothers Dimri. 4. ____________.

The formation of polymers, long-chain molecules made of repeating units of monomers, is a far more difficult experimental problem than the formation of monomers. Polymerization reactions tend to be dehydration. A molecule of water is lost in the formation of a peptide from two amino acids or of a disaccharide sugar from two monomers. Dehydrating agents are used to initiate polymerization. The polymerization of amino acids to form long protein-like molecules (“proteinoids”) was accomplished through dry heating by American biochemist Sidney Fox and his colleagues. The polyamine acids that he formed are not random molecules unrelated to life. They have distinct catalytic activities. Long polymers of amino acids were also produced from hydrogen cyanide and anhydrous liquid ammonia by American chemist Clifford Matthews in simulations of the early upper atmosphere.

Some evidence exists that ultraviolet irradiation induces combinations of nucleotide bases and sugars in the presence of phosphates or cyanides. Some condensing agents such as cyanamide are efficiently made under simulated primitive conditions. Despite the breakdown by the water of molecular intermediates, condensing agents may quite effectively induce polymerization, and polymers of amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides have all been made this way.

That adsorption of relevant small carbon compounds on clays or other minerals may have concentrated these intermediates was suggested by the British scientist John Desmond Bernal. The concentration of some kind is required to offset the tendency for water to break down polymers of biological significance. Phosphorus, with which Deoxyribose sugar forms the “backbone” of DNA and is integrally involved in cell energy transformation and membrane formation, is preferentially incorporated into pre-biological organic molecules. It is hard to explain how such a preference could have happened without the concentration of organic molecules.

Which of the following words best expresses the true meaning of 'integral'?

The formation of polymers, long-chain molecules made of repeating units of monomers, is a far more difficult experimental problem than the formation of monomers. Polymerization reactions tend to be dehydration. A molecule of water is lost in the formation of a peptide from two amino acids or of a disaccharide sugar from two monomers. Dehydrating agents are used to initiate polymerization. The polymerization of amino acids to form long protein-like molecules (“proteinoids”) was accomplished through dry heating by American biochemist Sidney Fox and his colleagues. The polyamine acids that he formed are not random molecules unrelated to life. They have distinct catalytic activities. Long polymers of amino acids were also produced from hydrogen cyanide and anhydrous liquid ammonia by American chemist Clifford Matthews in simulations of the early upper atmosphere.

Some evidence exists that ultraviolet irradiation induces combinations of nucleotide bases and sugars in the presence of phosphates or cyanides. Some condensing agents such as cyanamide are efficiently made under simulated primitive conditions. Despite the breakdown by the water of molecular intermediates, condensing agents may quite effectively induce polymerization, and polymers of amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides have all been made this way.

That adsorption of relevant small carbon compounds on clays or other minerals may have concentrated these intermediates was suggested by the British scientist John Desmond Bernal. The concentration of some kind is required to offset the tendency for water to break down polymers of biological significance. Phosphorus, with which Deoxyribose sugar forms the “backbone” of DNA and is integrally involved in cell energy transformation and membrane formation, is preferentially incorporated into pre-biological organic molecules. It is hard to explain how such a preference could have happened without the concentration of organic molecules.

What is the structure of the passage?