Class 12th

Urban infrastructure – bridges, roads, railways, pipelines, power transmission towers and so on – must be inspected regularly to operate safely. Imagine if we used advanced technologies available to us, such as wireless sensors, mobile apps and machine learning, to remotely inspect and maintain this infrastructure. This could eliminate the need for regular daily inspections, save time and money for engineers and asset owners, and reduce the risks of working on job sites.

 Everyone has experience of working with smart devices such as mobile phones and iPads. Using these technologies to perform technical and engineering work is a game-changer. We have been developing “digital twins” – 3D-visualisation of in-service infrastructure – to monitor infrastructure performance under various service conditions and make intelligent maintenance decisions.

 The digital model is the twin of the real infrastructure. Wireless sensors on the structure transfer performance data to our computer. We can see the performance of the infrastructure in real-time online.
This is extremely useful for engineers who need to regularly monitor the performance of infrastructure. They make critical maintenance decisions about which structural elements need to be repaired or replaced, and when this must be done, to ensure the infrastructure is safe.

Digital twins are essentially a digital replica or a virtual model of a process, product or service. The concept of creating digital twins is still relatively new for civil and infrastructure engineers.

In the Netherlands, digital twins are being developed for operation at the Port of Rotterdam. A team at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology is working on a digital model of an operating crane.

To develop digital twins for intelligent infrastructure maintenance we must integrate a variety of disciplines. These include 3D visualisation, wireless technology, structural engineering and Internet of Things. The output is a digital model of the physical infrastructure, which can be seen on a PC, tablet or mobile phone.

Looking at their smart device at home or in the office, an engineer can observe all deformations, deflections, cracks or even stresses due to various loads (such as traffic or wind). The intelligent digital twin model can also suggest appropriate maintenance decisions.

Digitalising the way we look after our infrastructure can make the process more accurate and less costly in the long term than traditional labour-intensive practices. Using a digital twin is expected to produce cost savings of 20-30%. Given the huge costs of monitoring infrastructure – in the US, bridge inspections alone cost US$1.35 billion a year – the potential savings are huge.

Which of the following sums up the overall purpose of the following passage?

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. In Tokyo, they built an expressway linking the international airport in Haneda to the centre, and widened some of the city's major arteries.
2. These infrastructure improvements helped to bring about the Japanese economic miracle over the next couple of decades.
3. Tokyo 2020 was supposed to be a great economic stimulus, replicating the achievements of Tokyo 1964.
4. It was thanks to hosting that Olympics that Japan invested in infrastructure such as the famous Shinkansen bullet train

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Skipping a steak just once a week with your family would reduce emissions equivalent to taking your car off the road for nearly three months. According to a study by the World Resources Institute, this would lead to a per capita food and land use-related greenhouse gas emissions reduction of between fifteen and thirty percent by 2050. Going vegetarian could reduce those per capita emissions by half. The point is that we do not have to solve climate change all at once. We need to slow it down to give technology and society some time to evolve. Solving climate change will not be an event; it will be a process that takes place over decades.

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. This harms aquatic ecosystems, human health and also pollutes major sources of freshwater.
2. Harmful chemicals from pesticides not only pollute the soil and water around the farms but also reach rivers and oceans, a new study established.
3. Globally, around 70,000 tonnes of potentially harmful chemicals find their way into aquifers every year, the report published in the journal Nature showed.
4. The findings are based on an analysis of the geographical distribution of 92 common pesticides.

Urban infrastructure – bridges, roads, railways, pipelines, power transmission towers and so on – must be inspected regularly to operate safely. Imagine if we used advanced technologies available to us, such as wireless sensors, mobile apps and machine learning, to remotely inspect and maintain this infrastructure. This could eliminate the need for regular daily inspections, save time and money for engineers and asset owners, and reduce the risks of working on job sites.

 Everyone has experience of working with smart devices such as mobile phones and iPads. Using these technologies to perform technical and engineering work is a game-changer. We have been developing “digital twins” – 3D-visualisation of in-service infrastructure – to monitor infrastructure performance under various service conditions and make intelligent maintenance decisions.

 The digital model is the twin of the real infrastructure. Wireless sensors on the structure transfer performance data to our computer. We can see the performance of the infrastructure in real-time online.
This is extremely useful for engineers who need to regularly monitor the performance of infrastructure. They make critical maintenance decisions about which structural elements need to be repaired or replaced, and when this must be done, to ensure the infrastructure is safe.

Digital twins are essentially a digital replica or a virtual model of a process, product or service. The concept of creating digital twins is still relatively new for civil and infrastructure engineers.

In the Netherlands, digital twins are being developed for operation at the Port of Rotterdam. A team at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology is working on a digital model of an operating crane.

To develop digital twins for intelligent infrastructure maintenance we must integrate a variety of disciplines. These include 3D visualisation, wireless technology, structural engineering and Internet of Things. The output is a digital model of the physical infrastructure, which can be seen on a PC, tablet or mobile phone.

Looking at their smart device at home or in the office, an engineer can observe all deformations, deflections, cracks or even stresses due to various loads (such as traffic or wind). The intelligent digital twin model can also suggest appropriate maintenance decisions.

Digitalising the way we look after our infrastructure can make the process more accurate and less costly in the long term than traditional labour-intensive practices. Using a digital twin is expected to produce cost savings of 20-30%. Given the huge costs of monitoring infrastructure – in the US, bridge inspections alone cost US$1.35 billion a year – the potential savings are huge.

The author is directing towards which of the following technologies in the following lines “Using these technologies to perform.”?
I. Wireless sensors
II. Machine learning
III. Mobile phones

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's conviction about their own capacity to control what happens in their lives and this knowledge suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before it strikes.

2. Just like adults, sceptical methods of deciphering defeats appear to take care of the feeling of helplessness and misery at the heart of youngsters' depression.

3. That individuals who are as of now discouraged think in these manners have long been known.

4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control what happens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better.