Physics

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Explanation- Phelion is the location of the earth where it is the greatest distance from the sun and perihelion is the location of the earth where it is the nearest to the sun

The areal velocity (1/2 rv) of the earth around the sun is constant . so speed of earth is more at perihelion.

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Explanation- As density of the shell is constant

So mass of shell = density (volume)

= $\rho \left(\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3\right)=M$

If we consider shell is uniform so F=gravitational force =GMm/r²

F=0 for r

= GM/r² for r>R

Variation of f verses r

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Explanation- Inside a small spaceship orbiting around the earth, the value of acceleration due to gravity can be calculated as constant and hence astronaut feels weightlessness.

If the space station orbiting around the earth has a large size such that variation in g matters in that case astronaut inside the spaceship will experience gravitational force and hence can detect gravity.

Explanation- A body can be shielded from the gravitational influence of nearby matter because gravitational force between two point mass bodies is independent of the intervening medium. we cannot shield a body from gravitational influence of nearby matter.

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Explanation- Yes, a body can have inertia but no weight. When we taken body to the centre of earth its has some inertia but no weight .

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Explanation- Gravitational forces acting between two point masses m₁ and m₂, F= Gm₁m₂/r² is independent of nature between them. So the gravitational force will remain unaffected when dipped in water.

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Explanation-areal velocity of earth and sun

dA/dt=L/2m

where L is angular momentum

but we know L= r $*P=r\left(mv\right)$

dA/dt=1/2m (r $*mv$ )=1/2 (r $*v$ )

so dA/dt direction will be perpendicular to the plane containing r and v

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Explanation-

areal velocity of a planet revolving around the sun is constant with respect to time.

Explanation- examples of central force – gravitational force and electrostatic force

Examples of non central force = nuclear force, magnetic force acting between two current carrying loops etc.

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Explanation-air molecules in the atmosphere are attracted vertically downward by the gravitational force of the earth just like an apple falling from the tree. Air molecules move randomly due to their thermal velocity and hence resultant motion of air molecules move randomly in vertical downward direction. But in case of apple it is heavier than air so it fall downwards only.