Science

In Newton's Law of Gravitation, G (Universal Gravitational Constant) has a fixed value as it is a fundamental constant which is:

G determines the strength of gravitational interactions and it remains the same everywhere in the universe. It plays a significant role in cosmology and astrophysics and it is important in calculating the forces between celestial bodies. Due to the gravitational pull of a massive body like Earth, 'g' (Acceleration due to Gravity) is the acceleration which the object experiences. The value of g changes based on the planetary composition, latitude, and altitude. G is universal and g is dependent on the location. This relation can be understood by the following formula:

M represents the mass of the planet, and R is the radius. The concept and its differences help in fields such as space exploration where astronauts experience microgravity in orbit even though the gravitational forces are present.

Students can access the Class 12 Chemistry Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions for all chapters in our pages. We also provide PDF of NCERT Solutions of all chapter for free. Students can use following steps to download Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solution PDF;

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Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids consists important topics such as the structure, nomenclature, preparation, and chemical properties of these important organic compounds. Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 covers key reactions like nucleophilic addition, oxidation, reduction, aldol condensation, and Cannizzaro reaction. The acidic nature and reactivity of carboxylic acids are also discussed in NCERT Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids. These compounds have vast applications in medicines, perfumes, food preservatives, and industrial solvents.

To help understand the topic, we have provided NCERT Solutions for Class 12 chapter 8 on our website. Students can get to know about important topics, reactions and solutions on the same page. 

It is due to a concept taken from Newton's Law of Gravitation. It says that each mass element of the shell puts an attractive force on a particle inside but due to the fact that the shape of the shell is symmetrical, these forces cancel out in every direction.
To prove it mathematically, one can use Gauss's Law for Gravitation. It states that inside a uniformly distributed spherical shell, the net gravitational field is zero. It differs from electrostatics, which states that a conducting shell blocks or stops the external electric fields. The shielding concept is not part of gravitation where the external bodies exert a gravitational force on an object inside the shell. It is the fundamental property of astrophysics and helps in understanding why the gravitational field inside a star or planet depends only on the mass enclosed within a given radius.

Kepler's laws refer to the motion of planets around the Sun and it offers various insights into the celestial mechanics. It includes the following:

• The First Law (Law of Orbits) states that all planets move in elliptical orbits, and the Sun is at one focus. It is against the previous belief that planetary orbits were perfect circles.
• The Second Law (Law of Areas) states the line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. It means that the planets near to Sun move faster and the ones at more distance, move slower.
• The third Law (Law of Periods) says that the square of a planet's orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. The mathematical formula is: