Science

Below mentioned is the list of some colleges offering B.Sc biotechnology course:
1. Rajiv Gandhi Centre of Biotechnology – Kerala.
2. Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences – Bangalore.
3. Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research – Bangalore.
4. Kishan Institute of Information Technology – Meerut.
5. Sir Sitaram and Lady Shantabai Patkar College of Arts and Science – Mumbai.
6. Trident Academy of Creative Technology – Bhubaneswar.
7. Kelkar Education Trust's VG Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce – Mumbai.
8. Kishinchand Chellaram College (KC College) – Mumbai.
9. Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce – Mumbai.
10. Tej Narayan Banaili College – Bhagalpur.
11. Vidya Pratishthan's School of Biotechnology – Pune.
12. Presidency College of Arts and Science College – Hyderabad.
13. Sri Venkateswara College - Delhi/ NCR.
14. AAKSON Group of Institutions (AGI) – Bangalore.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell.
Lysosomes contain a variety of enzymes, enabling the cell to break down various biomolecules it engulfs, including peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. The enzymes responsible for this hydrolysis require an acidic environment for optimal activity.
In addition to being able to break down polymers, lysosomes are capable of fusing with other organelles and digesting large structures or cellular debris, through cooperation with phagosomes. They are able to conduct autophagy, clearing out damaged structures. Similarly, they are able to break-down virus particles or bacteria in phagocytosis of macrophages.
The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1 m to 1.2 m. With a pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.0, the interior of the lysosomes is acidic compared to the slightly basic cytosol (pH 7.2). The lysosomal membrane protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the cell, from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. The cell is additionally protected from any lysosomal acid hydrolases that drain into the cytosol, as these enzymes are pH-sensitive and do not function well or at all in the alkaline environment of the cytosol. This ensures that cytosolic molecules and organelles are not destroyed in case there is leakage of the hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome.
The lysosome maintains its pH differential by pumping in protons (H+ ions) from the cytosol across the membrane via proton pumps and chloride ion channels. Vacuolar H+-ATPases are responsible for transport of protons, while the counter transport of chloride ions is performed by ClC-7 Cl/H+ antiporter. In this way, a steady acidic environment is maintained.
Its versatile capacity for degradation by the import of enzymes with specificity for different substrates, cathepsins are the major class of hydrolytic enzymes, while lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (GAA) is responsible for carbohydrates, and ACP2 is necessary to release phosphate groups of phospholipids.

A gas has higher entropy. Entropy will add additional degrees of freedom to molecules, by the absorption of energy. When we condense the gas into a liquid, the heat of condensation that is given off, reflects, in part, the lowering of entropy and the retrieval of the energy once tied up in the entropy. The loss of entropy also allows for more order, allowing the EM forces to act more efficiently.
Going from liquid to a solid, does the same thing. The liquid has higher entropy and when it freezes this disorder is lowered. This frees up energy, while the loss of entropy/ disorder in the liquid and allows the higher degree of order that is needed to overlap orbitals via the EM force.

Geology is one of the core stem subjects and a Bachelor's degree will be required at the very minimum for most jobs. In some states and for some jobs (especially where safety issues are concerned - such as in mines) certification may be required to practice. This should not be the case in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Most major colleges and universities offer geology degrees, so you should not struggle to find a relevant course. Even, these are not available at your chosen college, geography or other earth sciences are the preferred options. Students should take minors in mathematics and physics or other earth science options, and IT related subjects. GIS is one example of a growing and required IT skill in geology.
Although, there is a skills shortage, students are advised to study Master's degrees due to the applied science and project work that this would entail. Employers prefer graduates with work experience in their chosen field. Summer schools during Bachelor's degrees are useful too. Doctorates are useful for those, who want to pursue a career in academia, teaching, research or both. They are also advantageous for senior positions such as government advisory roles.
Geology related degrees:
1. Environmental geoscience degree.
2. Environmental microbiology degree.
3. Environmental chemistry degree.
4. Environmental biology degree.
5. Environmental toxicology degree.

The admission is given as per merit of candidates and availability of seats. For admission in various central institute of fisheries education in the country, the candidate have to appear for an all India level common entrance test conducted by ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), New Delhi. Special quota for outside state candidates is allowed to the candidates who have passed entrance exam of ICAR and are getting fellowship too.
After completing B.F.Sc., one can take M.F.Sc. which is of 2 year duration. (Masters of Fisheries Science). After getting a professional degree in fisheries science, one can go into research- oriented activities.

There many career options after completing B.Sc in physics. But, if you are interest in physics/ science stream related career, then it would be better if you opt for M.Sc in physics and then do Ph.D.
There are various technical jobs available for physics graduates/ post graduates like radiation monitoring, electrical power plant operator and scientific instrument operator.
After PG in physics, you can apply for NET/SET examination and can teach in government or private colleges. After doing B.Ed, you can apply in various government or private Schools
You are also eligible to apply:
1. Union Public Service Commission for posts like IPS, IAS, IFS, etc.
2. Staff Selection Commission.
3. Indian forest services.
4. Banking sector.
5. State PCS.
6. Indian defense services, etc.

An astrobiologist involves a lot of stages. One of the primary attributes needed to become an astrobiologist is to have a passion for science. Aspirants should be interested in different disciplines of science and should have a spirit of enquiry.
This can be cultivated at the school level itself. Knowledge and understanding of science can be improved by attending science classes and as many seminars as possible. Aspirants can also undertake school level projects in concerned areas. Opportunities are also available to carry out internships of short duration in many organizations. A basic knowledge of mathematics is also required.
Aspirants should pursue the science stream at class 12th. A combination of science and mathematics can be an added advantage. The minimum educational requirement to become an astrobiologist is a Bachelor's degree in any of the science subjects like Space science, Astronomy, Chemistry, Biology or other appropriate science subject from a recognized university.
Candidates can also opt for subjects like Biogeochemistry, Microbiology, Geological science, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, etc. Aspirants also have the option of pursuing a specialized course in astrobiology.
Aspirants can seek employment on completing the under graduation program. Some of the areas under astrobiology include:
1. Exobiology.
2. Life science.
3. Planetary habitability.
4. Space science.
5. Terra forming.
Candidates also have the option of pursuing higher studies after graduation. A Master's program in relevant disciplines and a doctorate in the field can equip aspirants to undertake research in different areas of Astrobiology. Discovering, exploring and analyzing forms the major part of a research. Research can be undertaken as field work or done in laboratories. Candidates can also look for post-doctoral fellowships from leading universities and organizations.