Class 11th

Fluorine oxidizes chloride ion to chlorine, bromide ion to bromine and iodide ion to iodine respectively.
F₂? + 2Cl⁻ → 2F⁻ + Cl₂?
F₂? + 2Br⁻ → 2F⁻ + Br₂?
F_2? + 2I⁻ → 2F⁻ + I₂?

Chlorine oxidizes bromide ion to bromine and iodide ion to iodine.
Cl_2? + Br⁻ → 2Cl⁻ + Br₂?
Cl₂? + I⁻ → 2Cl⁻ + I₂?

Bromine oxidizes iodide ion to iodine.
Br₂? + I⁻ → 2Br⁻ + I₂?

But bromine and chlorine cannot oxidize fluoride to fluorine. Hence, fluorine is the best oxidizing agent amongst the halogens. The decreasing order of the oxidizing power of halogens is F₂? >Cl₂? >Br₂? >I₂?  

HI and HBr can reduce sulphuric acid to sulphur dioxide but HCl and HF cannot. Thus,  HI and HBr are stronger reducing agents than HCl and HF.
2HI+H₂? SO₄? →I₂? +SO₂? +2H₂? O
2HBr+H₂? SO₄? →Br₂? +SO₂? +2H₂? O

Iodide ion can reduce Cu (II) to Cu (I) but bromide cannot.
4I⁻+2Cu²⁺→Cu₂? I₂? +I₂?

Hence, among the hydrohalic compounds, hydroiodic acid is the best reductant. The reducing power of hydrohalic acids is HF

(a) Toluene can be oxidised to benzoic acid in acidic, basic and neutral media according to the following redox equations:

In the laboratory, benzoic acid is usually prepared by alcoholic KMnO₄ oxidation of toluene. However, in industry alcoholic KMnO₄ is preferred over acidic or alkaline KMnO₄ because of the following reasons:
(i) The cost of adding an acid or the base is avoided because in the neutral medium, the base (OH^- ions) are produced in the reaction itself.
(ii) Since reactions occur faster in homogeneous medium than in heterogeneous medium, therefore, alcohol helps in mixing the two reactants, i.e., KMnO₄  (due to its polar nature) and toluene (because of its being an organic compound).

(b) KBr + H₂? SO₄? → KHSO₄? + HBr
HBr is a strong reducing agent which further reduces H₂? SO₄?  as follows
2HBr + H₂? SO₄? → Br₂? + SO₂? + H₂? O

But in case of mixture containing Chloride the reaction ends up on forming HCl as HCl is a weak reducing agent which can't further reducethe sulphuric acid further.
KCl+H₂? SO₄? →KHSO₄? +HCl? (colourless pungent smell gas)

The three examples are:

(i) When excess P_4?   (reducing agent) reacts with F_2? (oxidizing agent),  PF_3?  is produced in which P has +3 oxidation number.
                        P_4? (excess) + F₂? → PF₃?
But if fluorine is in excess,  PF₅?  is formed in which P has oxidation number of +5.
                        P_4? ? + F₂? (excess) → PF₅?

(ii) Oxidizing agent is oxygen and reducing agent is K. When excess K reacts with oxygen,  K_2? O is formed in which oxygen has oxidation number of -2.
                        4K (excess) + O₂? → 2K₂? O

But if oxygen is in excess, then K_2? O₂?  is formed in which O has oxidation number of -1.
                        2K + O₂? (excess) → K₂? O₂?

(iii) The oxidizing agent is oxygen and the reducing agent is C. When an excess of C reacts with oxygen, CO is formed in which C has +2 oxidation number.
                        C (excess) + O_2? → CO

When excess of oxygen is used,  CO₂?  is formed in which C has +4 oxidation number.
                        C + O₂? (excess) → CO₂