English

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: Zinc-ion batteries on the other hand, could solve the cost and abundance issues.

(1) ___________. For Canada to reach the decarbonization targets set in the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act, including a grid powered by 90 per cent renewable electricity, the deployment of zinc-ion batteries will be crucial. (2) _________. Studies have shown that for renewables to become the source of 90 to 95 per cent of all electricity, the cost of energy storage must be below US$150/kWh. (3) ____________. Modern lithium-ion systems are still sitting around US$350/kWh. (4) __________.  In part, this is due to high manufacturing costs and their reliance on expensive raw materials to achieve the high energy density needed for modern electric vehicles.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.

Sentence: She coloured once or twice when the young poet's name was mentioned.

 He saw a good deal of his pretty Susan that day. (1)___________.She was tender in her expressions and manners as usual, but there was a little something in her looks and language from time to time that Clement did not know exactly what to make of. (2)_____________. She was not so full of her little plans for the future as she had sometimes been, "everything was so uncertain," she said. (3)__________. Clement asked himself whether she felt quite as sure that her attachment would last as she once did. (4)___________. But there were no reproaches,

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and choose the correct option.

1. Therefore, it provides the basis for including land management in seismic risk mitigation plans.

2. The quantitative analysis of actual earthquakes allows one to decipher the local conditions prone to disastrous shaking for specific buildings.

3. In that sense, seismologists already provide the information required to adopt development policies oriented toward public safety.

4. For long-term intervals (years to decades), geophysics provides the basis for rational management of affected resources and seismic safety. 

Energy is derived from non-renewable (conventional) and renewable (non-con­ventional) resources and the former are in the process of depletion. These are fossil fuels — oil, coal and natural gas. It took millions of years to build up these resources. Renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, water energy and biomass.
Approximately 80% of the world's energy is produced by fossil fuels. However, in France, the French Atomic Energy Commission established nuclear reactors which produce enough energy to meet 70% of the country's re­quirement.

 World demand for oil (according to UN reports) rose from 436 million tonnes in 1960 to 2189 million tonnes in 1970 and to 3200 million tonnes in 1999. The corresponding figures for coal are 1043, 1635 and 2146 and for natural gas, the figures are 187, 1022 and 2301. The demand will continue to grow. Of the devel­oping countries, China has the highest per capita consumption of energy. For India, per capita consumption is lower than that of China.

 It may be mentioned that consumption figures represent commercial energy and do not take into account the non-commercial energy used by developing countries where poor people use wood that is acquired by gathering without any payment.

 Among non-conventional resources, hydropower is the largest. Hydropower projects are in operation both in developed and developing countries — notable among the latter are China, India and Brazil. Hydropower potential is huge and at present only 15 per cent of the potential in the developing world is being utilised. Wind power has also a great potential Windmills and sails have been in use since ancient times.

It is a fast-growing resource. In the 1980s, wind energy generation of the world was 10 megawatts. In the year 2000, it was 14000 mega­watts. Green Piece International estimates that if the present trend continues wind power could supply 10% of the world's electricity by 2020.

The use of solar energy is through photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic news reported that the world's photovoltaic production climbed from 0.1 megawatts to 200 megawatts in 1999. The biomass resources are various types of cultivated or uncultivated vegetation. Wood forms the chief resource and is the primary fuel for the people in Africa and Asia. Excessive use of wood has led to the depletion of forests.

Coal, oil, gas and water constitute the main sources of energy in India. The share of various energy sources in the commercial consumption of energy is mostly from coal (56%) and petroleum (32%), the other sources being nuclear natural gas and water. Apart from commercial energy, a large amount of tradi­tional energy sources in the form of fuelwood, agriculture waste and animal residue are used.

Commercial energy consumption has grown from 130.7 MTOE (million tonnes of oil equivalent) in 1991-92 to 176.08 MTOE in 1997-98. The main drivers of this increase are the accompanying structural change of economic growth and a rise in population together with rapid urbanisation.

In particular between 1970-71 and 1994-95, the annual consumption of electric­ity per household went-up from 7 kWh to 53 kWh; of kerosene from 6.6 kg to 9.9 kg and of cooking gas from 0.33 kg to 3.8 kg. There is, however, a marked dis­parity in the level of energy and type of fuel consumed in rural and urban areas.

In the last paragraph, the author has provided the analysis concerning the annual consumption of some sources of energy to illustrate