English

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Before the 1800s, fashion was slow. You had to source your own materials like wool or leather, prepare them, weave them, and then make the clothes. The Industrial Revolution introduced new technology—like the sewing machine. Clothes became easier, quicker, and cheaper to make. Dressmaking shops emerged to cater to the middle classes. Many of these dressmaking shops used teams of garment workers or home workers. Around this time, sweatshops emerged, along with some familiar safety issues. The first significant garment factory disaster was when a fire broke out in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in 1911. It claimed the lives of 146 garment workers, many of whom were young female immigrants.

The rapid loss of frozen Arctic soil, known as permafrost, that contains more carbon dioxide than has ever been released by humans, is one of the most alarming causes of global warming that the world will face in coming years. Some scientific studies indicate that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the planet and could lose all its ice by 2030.

While the Arctic may seem remote and thereby be given negligible consideration in its rising environmental concerns, the truth is that the overall rate of global warming – right from changing climates and rising sea levels to disruption of wildlife habitats and coastal villages – is affected by the heating of the Arctic.

Studies from Woods Hole Research Center (“WHRC”) attribute the cause of this environmental disaster to the fate of the permafrost underlying the Arctic. Permafrost, part of the Earth's bedrock that is most vulnerable to warming, forms in climates where the mean air temperate is lower than the freezing point of water.

Permafrost comprises 25 per cent of the land in the Northern Hemisphere. It consists of rock, soil, sediments and ice that binds all the components together. While permafrost is defined as ground that has remained frozen for two or more consecutive years, in most areas' permafrost has been frozen for thousands of years.

Susan Natalie, an associate scientist at WHRC, found that permafrost holds an estimated 1,500 billion tonnes of carbon. This is almost double the carbon that is currently in the atmosphere. Apart from carbon, permafrost also stores large amounts of methane. When permafrost thaws upon heating up of the region, it releases vast amounts of this carbon and methane back into the atmosphere.

In other words, rising temperatures result in permafrost – that is primarily a storage room for carbon and methane – becoming the cause of these gases being emitted back into the atmosphere. Thawing of permafrost is a reality. If it persists, it could result in pervasive global warming. Some scientists find it difficult to determine the relative proportion of carbon emission that might result from permafrost thawing because such a phenomenon has never occurred in human history.

Studies conducted by Nature Climate Change estimate that carbon loss from permafrost regions could increase by 41 per cent if greenhouse gas emissions by humans continue at their current pace. Another study conducted by WHRC in 2017 estimates that if global temperatures rise by 1.5°C, thawing of permafrost could release 68 to 508 gigatons of carbon. Needless to say, these figures indicate catastrophic impacts on climate change from melting of permafrost.

Scientists are concerned that melting of permafrost would result in an “irreversible cycle wherein permafrost releases carbon into the atmosphere; this accelerates the heating up of the earth, which then triggers more permafrost thaw, only for the cycle to repeat itself endlessly. Resultantly, it is perceivable that no human action or inaction will be able to halt this irreversible cycle.

However, significant reduction in emission of greenhouses gases could certainly slow down the rate at which this cycle sets out to destroy the planet. Several problems have arisen upon melting of the permafrost ice. Dormant microbes that have been trapped under the frozen ground for thousands of years have now revived and infected humans with life-threatening diseases.

Scientists believe that bacteria and viruses that have been frozen under permafrost for millions of years can revive when it melts. The possibility of diseases such as Spanish flu, smallpox or the plague, that have been eradicated, could possibly revive upon melting of the permafrost. The world is already dealing with one of the world's worst pandemics. Thawing of permafrost would only make matters worse.

Which of the following words means the same as the word 'pervasive' used in the passage?

The rapid loss of frozen Arctic soil, known as permafrost, that contains more carbon dioxide than has ever been released by humans, is one of the most alarming causes of global warming that the world will face in coming years. Some scientific studies indicate that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the planet and could lose all its ice by 2030.

While the Arctic may seem remote and thereby be given negligible consideration in its rising environmental concerns, the truth is that the overall rate of global warming – right from changing climates and rising sea levels to disruption of wildlife habitats and coastal villages – is affected by the heating of the Arctic.

Studies from Woods Hole Research Center (“WHRC”) attribute the cause of this environmental disaster to the fate of the permafrost underlying the Arctic. Permafrost, part of the Earth's bedrock that is most vulnerable to warming, forms in climates where the mean air temperate is lower than the freezing point of water.

Permafrost comprises 25 per cent of the land in the Northern Hemisphere. It consists of rock, soil, sediments and ice that binds all the components together. While permafrost is defined as ground that has remained frozen for two or more consecutive years, in most areas' permafrost has been frozen for thousands of years.

Susan Natalie, an associate scientist at WHRC, found that permafrost holds an estimated 1,500 billion tonnes of carbon. This is almost double the carbon that is currently in the atmosphere. Apart from carbon, permafrost also stores large amounts of methane. When permafrost thaws upon heating up of the region, it releases vast amounts of this carbon and methane back into the atmosphere.

In other words, rising temperatures result in permafrost – that is primarily a storage room for carbon and methane – becoming the cause of these gases being emitted back into the atmosphere. Thawing of permafrost is a reality. If it persists, it could result in pervasive global warming. Some scientists find it difficult to determine the relative proportion of carbon emission that might result from permafrost thawing because such a phenomenon has never occurred in human history.

Studies conducted by Nature Climate Change estimate that carbon loss from permafrost regions could increase by 41 per cent if greenhouse gas emissions by humans continue at their current pace. Another study conducted by WHRC in 2017 estimates that if global temperatures rise by 1.5°C, thawing of permafrost could release 68 to 508 gigatons of carbon. Needless to say, these figures indicate catastrophic impacts on climate change from melting of permafrost.

Scientists are concerned that melting of permafrost would result in an “irreversible cycle wherein permafrost releases carbon into the atmosphere; this accelerates the heating up of the earth, which then triggers more permafrost thaw, only for the cycle to repeat itself endlessly. Resultantly, it is perceivable that no human action or inaction will be able to halt this irreversible cycle.

However, significant reduction in emission of greenhouses gases could certainly slow down the rate at which this cycle sets out to destroy the planet. Several problems have arisen upon melting of the permafrost ice. Dormant microbes that have been trapped under the frozen ground for thousands of years have now revived and infected humans with life-threatening diseases.

Scientists believe that bacteria and viruses that have been frozen under permafrost for millions of years can revive when it melts. The possibility of diseases such as Spanish flu, smallpox or the plague, that have been eradicated, could possibly revive upon melting of the permafrost. The world is already dealing with one of the world's worst pandemics. Thawing of permafrost would only make matters worse.

All of the following, if true, would negate the findings of the study reported in the passage EXCEPT

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. 
Indian contemporary Art in the break of 21st century is as varied as it had never been before. At its background, it has richness of various art forms used as medium of expression by civilizations since ages. From the elitist business houses and royal families, fine art has now entered the drawing rooms of the middle-class buyers and from domestic market it is now traveling offshore to fetch immense, often astronomical prices. To categorize Indian Fine Art, we can have many criteria. One criterion which is often used by the Art Schools is the criterion of the medium. In this criterion the artists are classified as Oil painters, Acrylic painters, water colourists, terracotta sculptors, installations artists, etc. But this is not a very good criterion as many artists in the 21st century do not use any single medium but experiment with many media simultaneously. Again the very distinction between paintings, assemblages, installations, collages and sculptures is getting blurred with each passing day. Another way of classifying Indian Art is categorize the art works in terms of the region of the artist's origin. This is a very popular criterion and schools have been named after important centres of Art like Santiniketan, Baroda, Calcutta, Bombay, Pune, Delhi, Chandigarh, Chennai and Trivandrum. However, many artists move from one place to another and do not attach themselves with any particular school of art. 
A more difficult approach is to understand Artists and their Art in terms of the inspirations they draw from. Art in India had always been influenced by everyday life and has been an integral part of Indian life and excavations of Art objects from historical places have shown that Indian art had reached very high degrees of sophistication at various times in Indian History. Many of the artists in 21st century India use these historical styles in their art. Similarly, there are artists who draw their inspiration from the rich Folk traditions of India. 
India had always been closely connected with other countries. Influence of these various cultures can be seen in the art of various times. Even today the trend continues as Indian artists remain connected to the trends outside and openly adapt to the emerging European and Oriental styles.
Again while contemporary artists in India take inspiration from various sources and styles, Indian Art still remains its distinct Indianness. Newer styles never seen before are also emerging in the Indian scene; forms and styles which actually can not be categorized into any specific existing genre.

Art in India had always been influenced by

The rapid loss of frozen Arctic soil, known as permafrost, that contains more carbon dioxide than has ever been released by humans, is one of the most alarming causes of global warming that the world will face in coming years. Some scientific studies indicate that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the planet and could lose all its ice by 2030.

While the Arctic may seem remote and thereby be given negligible consideration in its rising environmental concerns, the truth is that the overall rate of global warming – right from changing climates and rising sea levels to disruption of wildlife habitats and coastal villages – is affected by the heating of the Arctic.

Studies from Woods Hole Research Center (“WHRC”) attribute the cause of this environmental disaster to the fate of the permafrost underlying the Arctic. Permafrost, part of the Earth's bedrock that is most vulnerable to warming, forms in climates where the mean air temperate is lower than the freezing point of water.

Permafrost comprises 25 per cent of the land in the Northern Hemisphere. It consists of rock, soil, sediments and ice that binds all the components together. While permafrost is defined as ground that has remained frozen for two or more consecutive years, in most areas' permafrost has been frozen for thousands of years.

Susan Natalie, an associate scientist at WHRC, found that permafrost holds an estimated 1,500 billion tonnes of carbon. This is almost double the carbon that is currently in the atmosphere. Apart from carbon, permafrost also stores large amounts of methane. When permafrost thaws upon heating up of the region, it releases vast amounts of this carbon and methane back into the atmosphere.

In other words, rising temperatures result in permafrost – that is primarily a storage room for carbon and methane – becoming the cause of these gases being emitted back into the atmosphere. Thawing of permafrost is a reality. If it persists, it could result in pervasive global warming. Some scientists find it difficult to determine the relative proportion of carbon emission that might result from permafrost thawing because such a phenomenon has never occurred in human history.

Studies conducted by Nature Climate Change estimate that carbon loss from permafrost regions could increase by 41 per cent if greenhouse gas emissions by humans continue at their current pace. Another study conducted by WHRC in 2017 estimates that if global temperatures rise by 1.5°C, thawing of permafrost could release 68 to 508 gigatons of carbon. Needless to say, these figures indicate catastrophic impacts on climate change from melting of permafrost.

Scientists are concerned that melting of permafrost would result in an “irreversible cycle wherein permafrost releases carbon into the atmosphere; this accelerates the heating up of the earth, which then triggers more permafrost thaw, only for the cycle to repeat itself endlessly. Resultantly, it is perceivable that no human action or inaction will be able to halt this irreversible cycle.

However, significant reduction in emission of greenhouses gases could certainly slow down the rate at which this cycle sets out to destroy the planet. Several problems have arisen upon melting of the permafrost ice. Dormant microbes that have been trapped under the frozen ground for thousands of years have now revived and infected humans with life-threatening diseases.

Scientists believe that bacteria and viruses that have been frozen under permafrost for millions of years can revive when it melts. The possibility of diseases such as Spanish flu, smallpox or the plague, that have been eradicated, could possibly revive upon melting of the permafrost. The world is already dealing with one of the world's worst pandemics. Thawing of permafrost would only make matters worse.

Which of the following statements, if true, could be seen as not contradicting the arguments in the passage?

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. 
Indian contemporary Art in the break of 21st century is as varied as it had never been before. At its background, it has richness of various art forms used as medium of expression by civilizations since ages. From the elitist business houses and royal families, fine art has now entered the drawing rooms of the middle-class buyers and from domestic market it is now traveling offshore to fetch immense, often astronomical prices. To categorize Indian Fine Art, we can have many criteria. One criterion which is often used by the Art Schools is the criterion of the medium. In this criterion the artists are classified as Oil painters, Acrylic painters, water colourists, terracotta sculptors, installations artists, etc. But this is not a very good criterion as many artists in the 21st century do not use any single medium but experiment with many media simultaneously. Again the very distinction between paintings, assemblages, installations, collages and sculptures is getting blurred with each passing day. Another way of classifying Indian Art is categorize the art works in terms of the region of the artist's origin. This is a very popular criterion and schools have been named after important centres of Art like Santiniketan, Baroda, Calcutta, Bombay, Pune, Delhi, Chandigarh, Chennai and Trivandrum. However, many artists move from one place to another and do not attach themselves with any particular school of art. 
A more difficult approach is to understand Artists and their Art in terms of the inspirations they draw from. Art in India had always been influenced by everyday life and has been an integral part of Indian life and excavations of Art objects from historical places have shown that Indian art had reached very high degrees of sophistication at various times in Indian History. Many of the artists in 21st century India use these historical styles in their art. Similarly, there are artists who draw their inspiration from the rich Folk traditions of India. 
India had always been closely connected with other countries. Influence of these various cultures can be seen in the art of various times. Even today the trend continues as Indian artists remain connected to the trends outside and openly adapt to the emerging European and Oriental styles.
Again while contemporary artists in India take inspiration from various sources and styles, Indian Art still remains its distinct Indianness. Newer styles never seen before are also emerging in the Indian scene; forms and styles which actually can not be categorized into any specific existing genre.

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. 
Indian contemporary Art in the break of 21st century is as varied as it had never been before. At its background, it has richness of various art forms used as medium of expression by civilizations since ages. From the elitist business houses and royal families, fine art has now entered the drawing rooms of the middle-class buyers and from domestic market it is now traveling offshore to fetch immense, often astronomical prices. To categorize Indian Fine Art, we can have many criteria. One criterion which is often used by the Art Schools is the criterion of the medium. In this criterion the artists are classified as Oil painters, Acrylic painters, water colourists, terracotta sculptors, installations artists, etc. But this is not a very good criterion as many artists in the 21st century do not use any single medium but experiment with many media simultaneously. Again the very distinction between paintings, assemblages, installations, collages and sculptures is getting blurred with each passing day. Another way of classifying Indian Art is categorize the art works in terms of the region of the artist's origin. This is a very popular criterion and schools have been named after important centres of Art like Santiniketan, Baroda, Calcutta, Bombay, Pune, Delhi, Chandigarh, Chennai and Trivandrum. However, many artists move from one place to another and do not attach themselves with any particular school of art. 
A more difficult approach is to understand Artists and their Art in terms of the inspirations they draw from. Art in India had always been influenced by everyday life and has been an integral part of Indian life and excavations of Art objects from historical places have shown that Indian art had reached very high degrees of sophistication at various times in Indian History. Many of the artists in 21st century India use these historical styles in their art. Similarly, there are artists who draw their inspiration from the rich Folk traditions of India. 
India had always been closely connected with other countries. Influence of these various cultures can be seen in the art of various times. Even today the trend continues as Indian artists remain connected to the trends outside and openly adapt to the emerging European and Oriental styles.
Again while contemporary artists in India take inspiration from various sources and styles, Indian Art still remains its distinct Indianness. Newer styles never seen before are also emerging in the Indian scene; forms and styles which actually can not be categorized into any specific existing genre.

Which of the following is true about Indian art;