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3.42. (a) Elements of the same group have similar valence shell electronic configuration and, therefore, exhibit similar chemical properties. However, the elements of the same period have an incrementally increasing number of electrons from left to right, and, therefore, have different valences.
(i) The two substituents in the benzene ring are present at p-positions. Therefore, the sequence of reactions should be such that first an o, p-directing group, i.e., Br atom should be introduced in the benzene ring and this should be followed by nitration. Thus,
Due to the presence of a sp3-hybridized carbon, the system is not planar. It does contain six n-electrons but the system is not fully conjugated since all the six n-electrons do not form a single cyclic electron cloud which surrounds all the atoms of the ring. Therefore, it is not an aromatic c
Benzene is a resonance hybrid of two canonical forms. In the resonance hybrid, all the six pi electrons are completely delocalized. This results in resonance stabilization.
The structures of cis- and trans-isomer of hex-2-ene are:
The boiling point of a molecule depends upon dipole-dipole interactions. Since cis-isomer has higher dipole moment, therefore, it has higher boiling point.
3.40. Within a period, the oxidising character increases from left to right. Therefore, among F, O and N, oxidising power decreases in the order: F > O > N. However, within a group, oxidising power decreases from top to bottom. Thus, F is a stronger oxidising agent than Cl. Further because O is
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