Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 11th

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11 months ago

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V
Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

The expanded formula of the given compound is

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Payal Gupta

Contributor-Level 10

3.42. (a) Elements of the same group have similar valence shell electronic configuration and, therefore, exhibit similar chemical properties. However, the elements of the same period have an incrementally increasing number of electrons from left to right, and, therefore, have different valences.

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Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

(i) The two substituents in the benzene ring are present at p-positions. Therefore, the sequence of reactions should be such that first an o, p-directing group, i.e., Br atom should be introduced in the benzene ring and this should be followed by nitration. Thus,

 
(ii) Here since the two substituents are at p-position w.r.t. each other, therefore, the first substituent in the benzene ring should be a o, p-directing group (i.e., CH3) and then the other group (i.e., NO2) should be introduced. Therefore, the sequence of reactions is:
 
(iii) Here since the two substituents are at m-position w.r.t. each other, therefore

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Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

 

Due to the presence of a sp3-hybridized carbon, the system is not
planar. It does contain six n-electrons but the system is not fully conjugated since all the six n-electrons do not form a single cyclic electron cloud which surrounds all the atoms of the ring. Therefore, it is not an aromatic compound.
 
(ii)
Due to the presence of a sp3 -carbon, the system is not planar. Further, it contains only four n-electrons, therefore, the system is not aromatic because it does not contain planar cyclic cloud having (4n + 2) n-electrons.
 
(iii)

Cyclo-octatetraene is not planar but is tub shaped. It is, therefore, a non-planar system

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New answer posted

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V
Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

The necessary conditions for a molecule to be aromatic are:

  • It should have a single cyclic cloud of delocalised n-electrons above and below the plane of the molecule.
  • It should be planar. This is because complete delocalization of n-electrons is possible only if the ring is planar to allow cyclic overlap of p-orbitals.
  • It should contain Huckel number of electrons, i.e., (4n + 2) n-electrons where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.
    A molecule which does not satisfy any one or more of the above conditions is said to be non-aromatic.

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Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

Benzene is a resonance hybrid of two canonical forms. In the resonance hybrid, all the six pi electrons are completely delocalized. This results in resonance stabilization.

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Vishal Baghel

Contributor-Level 10

The structures of cis- and trans-isomer of hex-2-ene are:

The boiling point of a molecule depends upon dipole-dipole interactions. Since cis-isomer has higher dipole moment, therefore, it has higher boiling point.

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P
Payal Gupta

Contributor-Level 10

3.40. Within a period, the oxidising character increases from left to right. Therefore, among F, O and N, oxidising power decreases in the order: F > O > N. However, within a group, oxidising power decreases from top to bottom. Thus, F is a stronger oxidising agent than Cl. Further because O is more electronegative than Cl, therefore, O is a stronger oxidising agent than Cl. Thus, overall decreasing order of oxidising power is: F > O > Cl > N, i.e., option (b) is correct.

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