Teacher

A graduation degree along with B.Ed is the required educational qualification for TGT jobs and a post graduation degree along with B.Ed is the required educational qualification for PGT jobs.

Kindly visit the link mentioned below:
http://ctet.nic.in/CMS/Public/View.aspx?page=39

You have to clear the NET exam for it. You can then get a JRF.

It is recommended that you do PhD to work as professor in a government college and university. You are advised to clear NET examination.

Yes, it is fine.
Start with B.Ed. program after 12th and then go for M.Ed. or do Bachelor's and Master's in your specialized field.

Not recommended, please get a reference letter from 9th and 10th counselors or teachers only, someone who is currently evaluating you and knows your skills well enough. Your 8th grade teacher may send in an additional report.

A good score in the NET exam always helps. You can get a job by applying when the government universities release advertisement for recruiting professors, they conduct an exam and if you pass it then you are almost good to go. Just an interview follows, usually. Also, in the meantime, you can start teaching at a private or deemed university. Experience always counts positively.
There is also a provision of teaching along with pursuing Ph.D. Look into that too.

He/she has to complete his Masters and then he can opt for UGC NET or M.Phil.