Alcohol Phenol And Ethers

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The propan-2-one can be converted into tert-butyl alcohol by using CH₃MgBr grignard reagent to form the additional product tert-butyl alcohol.

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The enzyme invertase, which is present in yeast,   is used to convert sucrose to glucose and fructose. The glucose and fructose are further converted to ethanol by zymase enzyme (also present in yeast).

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The decreasing order of acidity:

H₂O > ROH >  HC ≡ CH 

The more the stability of the conjugate base of the given compounds, the more acidity will be.

^? OH > ^? O-R > ^? C ≡ CH 

The negative charge on the electronegative oxygen atom is more stable than carbon atom. The + I effect of the alkyl group does not stabilize the negative charge on the electronegative oxygen atom, hence less stable than ^? OH. 

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When benzene diazonium chloride is heated with water, it forms phenol along with nitrogen and hydrochloric acid as by-products as shown below:

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The decreasing order of reactivity of alcohol with sodium metal:

Tertiary Alcohols > Secondary Alcohols   > Primary Alcohols 

When alcohol reacts with active metals  e.g. Na. K etc., the O-H bond of alcohols breaks to form the corresponding alkoxide. The alkyl  group is electron donating and has +I effect due to which the O-H bond becomes strong and hence, the reactivity of alcohol decreases.

Fig: +I effect of alkyl group of alcohol

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The increasing order of acidity:

o-cresol  <  Phenol   <  o-nitrophenol

The electron-withdrawing group on the substituted phenol increases the acidity due to increasing the polarity of the O-H bond and thus, the acidity increases  and vice versa. -NO₂ is an electron-withdrawing group whereas the -CH₃ group is an electron-donating group.

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Out of o-nitrophenol and o-cresol, o-nitrophenol  is more acidic due to the -I effect and -R effect of -NO₂ group as the -NO₂ group is an electron withdrawing group whereas the -CH₃ group is electron releasing group and has +I effect on the conjugate base which increases the electron density and decreases the polarity of O-H bond and hence less acidic.

Fig: The -I effect of NO₂ group and + I effect of CH₃ group on the polarity of O-H bond

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Out of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol is more volatile due to presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-nitrophenol whereas p-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

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The strong oxidising agents such as acidified KMnO₄ or  K₂Cr₂O₇ reagents are used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid. These reagents are so strong that they convert the alcohols to carboxylic acids.