Chemistry

13.4. Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
(i) Pent-2-ene (ii) 3, 4-Dimethylhept-3-ene (iii) 2-Ethylbut-l-ene (iv) 1-Phenylbut-l-ene.

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1.42 Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide, copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this substance is a p-type semiconductor?

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Chemistry Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Prop

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1.42 The ratio less than 2:1 in Cu₂O shows that some cuprous (Cu⁺) ions have been replaced by cupric (Cu+2) ions. To maintain electrical neutrality, every two Cu⁺ ions will be replaced by one Cu⁺² ion, thereby creating a hole. As conduction will be due to the presence of these positive holes, hence it is a p -type semi conductor

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3.37. Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy?

(a) Ionization enthalpy increases for each successive electron.

(b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on removal of electrons from core noble gas configuration.

(c) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy.

(d) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from orbital having higher n value.

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Payal Gupta

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3.37. (d) is incorrect.

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13.3. For the following compounds, write structural formulas and IUPAC names for all possible isomers having the number of double or triple bond as indicated:
(a) C₄H₈ (one double bond) (b) C₅H₈ (one triple bond)

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Vishal Baghel

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(a) Isomers of C₄H₈ having one double bond are:

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1.41 What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast their conduction mechanism.

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1.41 These solids have conductive in the intermediate range from 10−6 to 104ohm−1m−1. As there is rise in
the temperature, conductivity also increases because electrons from the valence band jump to
conduction band.
Types of semiconductors
(a) n - type semiconductor when silicon or germanium crystal is doped with group 15 element like P or
As, the dopant atom forms four covalent bonds like a Si or Ge atom but the fifth electron no used in
bonding, becomes delocalised and contribute its share towards electrical conduction. Thus, silicon or
germanium doped with P or As is called n-type semiconductor (negative

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13.2. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

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Vishal Baghel

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(a) 2-Methykbuut-2-ene

(b) Pent-1-ene-3-yne

(c) But-1,3-diene

(d) 4-Phenylbut-1-ene

(e) 2-Methyl phenol (f) 5- (2-Methylpropyl)decane

(g) 4-Ethyldeca-1,5,8-triene

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13.1. How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?

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Vishal Baghel

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Chlorination of methane is a free radical reaction which occurs by the following mechanism involving initiation, propagation and termination steps:

From the above mechanism, it is evident that during the propagation step, CH₃ free radicals are produced, which may undergo three reactions, i.e., (i), (ii) and (iii). In the chain termination step, the two CH₃ free radicals combine to form ethane (CH₃—CH₃) molecule.

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1.40 Please find question below

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Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni_0.98 O_1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺ ions?

1.40 It is given that nickel oxide has the formula as Ni_0.98 O_1.00.
As per the formula, there are 98 Ni ions for 100 oxide ions.
Out of 98 Ni ions, let x ions be in +2 oxidation state

98−x ions will be in +3 oxidation state.
Oxide ion has −2 charge.
To maintain electrical neutrality, total positive charge on cations = total negative charge on anions.
2x+3(98−x)+100(−2)=0

x=94

Fraction of Ni²⁺ ions = 94/98 = 0.96

Fraction of Ni²⁺ ions = 98-94/98 = 0.04

Hence, the fractions of nickel that exists as Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺ are 0.

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1.41 Please find question below

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Contributor-Level 10

Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni_0.98 O_1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺ ions?

1.41 It is given that nickel oxide has the formula as Ni_0.98 O_1.00.
As per the formula, there are 98 Ni ions for 100 oxide ions.
Out of 98 Ni ions, let x ions be in +2 oxidation state

98? x ions will be in +3 oxidation state.
Oxide ion has ?2 charge.
To maintain electrical neutrality, total positive charge on cations = total negative charge on anions.
2x+3 (98? x)+100 (?2)=0

x=94

Fraction of Ni²⁺ ions = 94/98 = 0.96

Fraction of Ni²⁺ ions = 98-94/98 = 0.04

Hence, the fractions of nickel that exists as Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺ are 0.96 a

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