General Principles & Processes of Isolating Elemen

(H? S + dil HCl) is 2nd group reagent so Cu²? get precipitated as CuS.

FeO (Impurities) + SiO? (Flux) → FeSiO? (Iron silicate) Slag

Reduction half reaction.

Cr? O? ²? + 14H? + 6e? → 2Cr? ³ + 7H? O

Oxidation half reaction

SO? ²? + H? O → SO? ²? + 2e? ] * 3

Oxygen is balanced by adding water and hydrogen is balanced by adding H? and the charge is balanced by electrons.

Add ( eq. (i) + (3 * eq. (ii) )

Cr? O? ²? + 3SO? ²? + 8H? → 2Cr? ³ + 3SO? ²? + 4H? O

a = 1 b = 3 c = 8

[Fe (CN)? ]? ³ Fe? ³ = 3d?
Unpaired electron = 1, μ = 1.7BM
[Fe (H? O)? ]? ³ Fe? ³ = 3d?
Unpaired electrons = 5, μ = 5.9BM

[Fe (CN)? ]? Fe? ² = 3d?
Unpaired electron = 0, μ = 0BM
[Fe (H? O)? ]? ² Fe? ² = 3d?
Unpaired electrons = 4, μ = 4.9BM

Hematite: Fe? O?
Magnetite: Fe? O?
Calamine: ZnCO?
Kaolinite: [Al? (OH)? Si? O? ]

Roasting is a process in which sulphur is removed as SO? gas from sulphide ores on heating in excess of oxygen.

The reduction of aluminum oxide (Al? O? ) is performed through an electrolytic process in its molten state. This method is necessary because Al? O? is a highly ionic and stable compound.

The following depicts a chemical reaction leading to a Major Product Y.
Mercury has low boiling point so is refined by distillation method.
Copper refining is done through electrolytic refining.
Silicon is refined by zone refining method.
Nickel is refined by vapour phase refining.

When we add cryolite (Na? AlF? ) in the extraction of aluminium, the melting point of alumina decreases

At the point of intersection in an Ellingham diagram? G for two processes becomes equal, so? G for the reduction becomes zero. A sudden increase in the slope indicates a change in the state of the metal oxide, i.e., from solid to liquid or liquid to vapor.