Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th

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Because electron density is higher at ortho and para locations, the functional groups contained in these compounds are ortho-para directed.

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Because energy is required to overcome the attractions between the haloalkane molecules as well as to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules in order to dissolve a haloalkane in water, haloalkanes are only weakly soluble in water. New attractions between the haloalkane and the water molecules, on the other hand, release less energy since they are weaker than the water's initial hydrogen bonds.

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This addition reaction is carried out in accordance with Markovnikoff's rule, which states that in a double bond, the hydrogen from the hydrogen halide is added to the carbon atom with the most hydrogen atoms attached to it, while the halogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogens attached to it. The main product in the combination will be the molecule that follows this guideline. As a result, the molecule (B) will be the reaction's main product.

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(a) Br₂ gas is produced when NaBr and H₂SO₄ are combined. Because of the stable molecule created as a result of resonance stabilisation, molecule

(b) Will not react with Br₂ gas.

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In the presence of Lewis acid catalysts (iron or iron chloride), aryl bromides and chlorides can be made by electrophilic replacement of arenas with bromine and chlorine, respectively.

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The resonance stabilisation of the aryl ring is the main reason haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes and haloalkenes. The electron pairs on the halogen atom, for example, are conjugated with the ring's -electrons in C₆H₅ - Cl. The C-Cl link takes on a partial double bond character as a result of resonance, making it less reactive to nucleophilic substitution than haloalkanes and haloalkanes.

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Triiodomethane is the chemical name for iodoform. Because of its ability to liberate free iodine, it has antibacterial properties.

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In an S_N¹ reaction with the OH ion, C₆H₅−CH₂−Cl will react quicker. This is owing to the carbocation's stability in the compound. The C₆H₅ group is already stable owing to resonance, and the CH₂ attached will receive that stability after the cleavage in the first stage of the S_N1 reaction, resulting in a stable C₆H₅CH₂⁺ carbocation. CH₃-CH₂-Cl does not have the same sort of carbocation.

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The melting point of p-dibromobenzene is greater because p-symmetry of bromobenzene allows it to fit better in a crystal lattice. As a result, breaking the bonds between the molecules requires a greater temperature, resulting in a higher melting point.

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Because HI is produced throughout the process, iodination reactions are reversible in nature. To keep the reaction moving ahead, we must remove the HI by an oxidation process using oxidising agents such as HIO₄.