The p-Block Elements

Structure PCl₅ is trigonal bipyramidal,

Hybridization of P is sp³d

Equatorial bonds lie in a plane

Axial bonds are longer than equatorial bonds so axial bonds are weaker than equatorial bonds.

Leaching involves the given reaction,

$4Au\left(s\right)+8C{N}^{-}\left(aq\right)+2H_{2}O\left(aq\right)+O_2\left(g\right)\to 4{\left[Au{\left(CN\right)}_2\right]}^{-}\left(aq\right)+4O{H}^{-}\left(aq\right)$              

Here, O₂ is required for formation of Au (l) cyanide complex but no complex in absence of O₂.

$2{\left[Au{\left(CN\right)}_2\right]}^{-}\left(aq\right)+Zn\left(s\right)\to {\left[Zn{\left(CN\right)}_4\right]}^{2-}\left(aq\right)+2Au\left(s\right)$                

In above displacement reaction, Zn is oxidized.

Xenon form compounds due to the high electronegativity of fluorine and oxygen, low ionization energy compared to lighter noble gases, and the availability of empty d-orbitals. This breaks the old assumption about noble gases being entirely inert.

With the combination of two different halogens, the interhalogen compounds are formed. When compared with pure diatomic halogen molecules, they are more reactive because the bond between different halogens are more polar and weaker. During reactions, it makes them more susceptible to bond cleavage.

Due to their high electronegativity, small atomic size, greater ability to form multiple bonds, and absence of d-orbitals, the first elements of each group behave differently.

This is a Assertion and Reason Type Questions as classified in NCERT Exemplar

(A)

In aluminium silicate, silicon is doped with group 13 elements and as aluminium is trivalent and silicon is tetravalent so, on replacing aluminium by Silicon, a negatively charged structure will be obtained. Both the statements assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

This is a Multiple Choice Questions as classified in NCERT Exemplar

(A) & (B)

The atomic radii decrease as one moves down the group from Al to Ga due to the shielding effect of electrons. As a result of this ineffective effect, the effective nuclear charge rises.

(i) Due to inert pair effect Pb²⁺ is more stable than Pb⁴⁺. Whereas Sn⁴⁺ is more stable than Sn²⁺.
(ii) 3Ga⁺ —–> 2Ga + Ga³⁺
This is because Ga³⁺ is more stable than Ga⁺

The molecules of CO₂ are held together by weak van der Waals forces of attraction which can be easily overcome by collisions of the molecules at room temperature. Consequently, CO₂ is a gas.
On the other hand, silicon atom forms four single covalent bonds with O-atom which are tetrahedrally arranged and form a three-dimensional structure. Thus, SiO₂ is a high melting solid.