Class 11th

4.38. P has ground state valence shell electronic configuration 3s²3p³ and the first excited state valence shell electronic configuration is 3s¹3p³3d¹. P undergoes sp³d hybridization and has trigonal bipyrami geometry. Because axial bond pairs suffer more repulsive interaction from the equatorial bond pairs, therefore axial bonds have been found to be slightly longer and hence slightly weaker than equatorial bond.

4.37. Molecular orbitals are represented by wavefunctions. A positive sign in an orbital indicates a positive wavefunction while a negative sign in an orbital shows a negative wavefunction.

4.36. O₂: Bond order = 2, paramagnetic
O₂⁺: Bond order = 2.5, paramagnetic
O₂^–: Bond order = 1.5, paramagnetic
O₂^2-: Bond order = 1, diamagnetic
Order of relative stability is
O₂⁺ > O₂ > O₂^– > O₂^2-
(2.5) (2.0) (1.5) (1.0)

4.34. The combining atomic orbitals should have comparable energies like, 1s orbital of one atom can combine with 1s atomic orbital of another atom, 2s can combine with 2s.

The combining atomic orbitals must have proper orientations so that they are able to overlap to a considerable extent.

The extent of overlapping should be large.

Q.4.6 Establish the following vector inequalities geometrically or otherwise:

(a) |a+b| < |a| + |b|

(b) |a+b| > |a|? |b|

(c) |a? b| < |a| + |b|

(d) |a? b| > |a|? |b|