Class 12th

I₂ + conc. HNO₃ → HIO₃ + NO₂

H₂S₂O₆

→ Dithionic acid

⇒ There is no S–O–S bond in it.

Acidic nature of hydrides increases down the group in p-block

so H₂Te will be most acidic among given options.

A jump is seen after 2nd Ip so Ve^– = 2

hence configuration would be ns²

The quantisation of electric charge, q = ne, applies to electric charge only, even though charge cannot exist without mass.

One simple rule to think here is that electric charge is a scalar quantity with magnitude. It has positive and negative signs, depending on the direction it is forced to move in an electric field. Mass is always positive. So when you add mass, it never cancels out or becomes zero. Also do consider that a charge can never exist when there is no mass. In calculations, you must remember not to take in the mass but just the charge itself. 

No, there may be some charges inside the system. The overall charge is zero because the total positive charge will cancel out the total negative charge inside. This directly follows the principle of additivity of charge, where the positive and negative charges are the algebraic sum of each other. 

The medium is affects force. We know this from the constant, k, in Coulomb's Law, that depends on the medium. If you place a charge in an insulator or dielectric medium, like water, the force between them will decrease. This decrease can be taken into account by the medium's permittivity. 

The polarity of the charges that are interacting help us understand the direction. Like charges, whether it's both positive or negative, will always repel. Unlike charges, when one is positive and the other is negative, will always attract each other. The force acts along the line connecting the two charges.