Block D and F Elements
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New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.44 Promethium (Pm) has atomic number 61. Hence electronic configuration of Promethium is [Xe]544f5 5d0 6s2
Protactium (Pa) has atomic number 91. Hence electronic configuration of Protactium is [Rn]86 5f2 6d1 7s2
Mendelevium (Md) has atomic number 101. Hence electronic configuration of Mendelevium is [Rn]86 5f14 6d0 7s2
Meitnerium (Mt) has atomic number 109. Hence electronic configuration of Meitnerium is [Rn]86 5f14 6d7 7s2
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.43
Lanthanoids |
Actinoids |
1.The electronic configuration of lanthanoids is [Xe]54 4f1-14 | 1.The electronic configuration of actinoids is [Rn]86 5f1-14 6d0-1 7s2 |
2. They show limited oxidation states (+2, +3, 4) out of which +3 is most common. This is because of the large energy gap between 4f and 5d subshells. | 2. Actinoids show a large number of oxidation states (+3, +4, +5, +6, +7) because of the small energy gap between 5f, 6d, and 7s subshells. |
3. The first few members of the series are quite reactive, almost like calcium with increasing atomic no. their behaviour becomes similar to that of aluminium | 3.They are highly reactive metals especially in the finely divided state. When they are added to boiling water they give a mixture of oxide and hydride. |
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.42 The members of lanthanide series along with their electronic configuration are given in the below table:
Name | Symbol | Atomic number | Electron configuration |
lanthanum | La | 57 | (Xe)5d1 6s2 |
Cerium | Ce | 58 | (Xe)4f15d06s2 |
Praseodymium | Pr | 59 | (Xe)4f35d06s2 |
Neodymium | Nd | 60 | (Xe)4f45d06s2 |
Promethium | Pm | 61 | (Xe)4f55d06s2 |
Samarium | Sm | 62 | (Xe)4f65d06s2 |
Europium | Eu | 63 | (Xe)4f75d06s2 |
Gadolinium | Gd | 64 | (Xe)4f7 5d16s2 |
Terbium | Tb | 65 | (Xe)4f95d06s2 |
Dysprosium | Dy | 66 | (Xe)4f105d06s2 |
Holmium | Ho | 67 | (Xe)4f115d06s2 |
Erbium | Er | 68 | (Xe)4f125d06s2 |
Thulium | Tm | 69 | (Xe)4f135d06s2 |
Ytterbium | Yb | 70 | (Xe)4f145d06s2 |
Lutetium | Lu | 71 | (Xe)4f14 5d16s2 |
The typical oxidation state of the lanthanides is +3. The oxidation state of +2 and +4 are exhibited by some of the elements. These are shown by those elements which by losing 2 or 4 elements acquire a stable configuration.
+2 oxidation state is exhibited when the lanthanide has the configuration 5d06s2 so that 2 electrons are lost easily. Hence the members which will show +2 oxidation state are:
+2 = 60Nd, 62Sm, 63Eu, 69Tm, 70Yb
+4 oxidation state is exhibited when the configuration left (by losing 2 electrons) is close to 4f
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.41 The atomic number of Cerium (Ce) is Z = 58.
The electronic configuration of 58Ce= [Xe]54 4f1 5d1 6s2
And, the electronic configuration of Ce3+= [Xe]54 4f1 , i.e., there is only one unpaired electron, i.e., n = 1.
Now, the magnetic moment on the basis of spin only formula is given as:
μ = √n(n+2) BM
⇒ μ = √1(1+2)
⇒ μ = √3 BM
⇒ μ = 1.73 BM
Bohr magneton or BM is a unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum.
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.40 Last actinoid is lawrencium - 103
Electronic configuration: [Rn]86 5f14 6d1 7s2
Possible oxidation state: +3
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.39 Lanthanoids show oxidation states of +2, +3, +4 because of the large energy gap between 5d and 4f sub-shells while actinoids show oxidation states of +3 to +7 because of the small energy difference between 5f, 6d, and 7s orbitals.
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.38 The inner transition elements are those in which the last electron enters the f-subshell. The lanthanoids atomic number 58-71 and actinoids 90-103. The atomic numbers 59, 95 and 102 are inner transition elements
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.37 An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or non-metals. Lanthanoid is used for the production of alloy steels for plates and pipes called as mischmetals. It contains about 95% lanthanoid metal, iron and traces of Al, S, C etc. in traces. It is used in magnesium- based alloy to produce bullets, shells and lighter flint.
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.36 (i) The chromite ore (FeCr2O4) is fused with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
4FeCr2O4 +16 NaOH+ 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 +2Fe2O3 +8H2O
The yellow solution of sodium chromate is then filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid giving its dichromate.
2Na2CrO4 +H2SO4→ Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 +H2O
On cooling, sodium sulphate crystallizes out as Na2SO4.10H2O and is removed.
Na2Cr2O7 +2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
(ii) The pyrolusite ore(MnO2) is oxidised in the presence of potassium hydroxide by heating.
2MnO2 + 4KOH +O2→ 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
The green potassium manganate (K2MnO4) is then treated with a current of chlorine or ozone to oxidise potassium manganate to potassi
New answer posted
9 months agoContributor-Level 10
8.35 (i) The lower oxide have low oxidation state while the higher oxide has high oxidation state, example MnO is basic and Mn2O7 is
(ii) Oxygen and fluorine have a small size and high electronegativity and can easily oxidize metals, example V2O5.
(iii) Oxoanions of metals have higher oxidation states because of high electronegativity of oxygen and highly oxidizing property example, Cr in CrO7 2- has an oxidation state of +6
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