Block D and F Elements

Cu is the only element of 3d – series whose M²⁺ / M value is positive because of fact that low hydration enthalpy and high sublimation & ionization enthalpies.

Ethylene diamine, en is bidentate, chelating ligand. Chelating ligands increase stability due to higher entropy factor.

Eutrophication occurs when the water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients. Eutrophication leads to decrease in the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water bodies.

The greater stability of Cu²? (aq) rather than Cu? (aq) is due to the much more negative ΔhydH of Cu²? (aq) than Cu? , which more than compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu.

The E° value for Ce? /Ce³? is +1.74 V, which suggests that Ce? is a strong oxidant, reverting to its common +3 oxidation state. So, Ce³? is more stable than Ce?

The size of the Bk³? ion is less than the Np³? ion because Berkelium (Bk) lies beyond Neptunium (Np) in the actinoid series, and the size variation here is because of the actinoid contraction.

Inversion of Sucrose:
C? H? O? (Sucrose) + H? O - (Invertase)-> C? H? O? (Glucose) + C? H? O? (Fructose)

Fermentation of Glucose:
C? H? O? (Glucose) - (Zymase)-> 2C? H? OH (Ethanol) + 2CO?

KMnO? oxidizes alkanes that contain a tertiary hydrogen (3°H) to form tertiary alcohols.

n-alkanes, which do not contain tertiary hydrogens, are not oxidized by KMnO? under these conditions.

Functional group isomers

A divalent metal ion with an atomic number (Z) of 25 is Mn²?
Mn²? (Z=25) has the electronic configuration: 3d? 4s? (n=5, five unpaired electrons).
The magnetic moment (μ) is calculated as: μ = √ [n (n+2)] = √ [5 (5+2)] = √35 = 5.92 BM.