Class 11th

BF₃ : sp² hybridised ->trigonal planar

Kindly go through the solution

Z=109 : Unnilennium->Meitnerium

Sn = [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p²

Sn (Z = 50) belongs to p-block element.

: x + 2 (+1) + 3 (–2) + 2 (–1) = 0 x = + 6.

On increasing pressure, equilibrium moves in that direction where number of gaseous moles decreases.

We consider the enthalpy change (delta H) more important than the internal energy (delta U) for practical reasons. When we go by the definitions alone, internal energy is the heat absorbed or released at a constant volume. This only happens in a sealed container. But in real life experiments held at laboratories, we have open vessels like test tubes, and there, only atmospheric pressure as a state variable remains constant, and not volume per se. This condition of constant pressure becomes more useful to calculate enthalpy in the chemical reaction. 

We cannot universally say that negative enthalpy is the cause for spontaneity in chemical reactions. Though it is commonly seen in spontaneous reactions that heat releases or follows the exothermic definition, some spontaneous reactions can also absorb heat. They can be endothermic in nature. With that, we get a positive value for enthalpy change. So the better approach is to look into entropy and Gibbs Energy. These two quantities can define or tell us that a chemical process is spontaneous when the total entropy change is positive and when the Gibbs energy change is negative. 

This can be a little confusing when we already know the equation from the First Law of Thermodynamics (delta U = q + W) has internal energy as a state function. Work (W) and heat (q) are dependent on the path entirely, but internal energy is only concerned with initial and final states. We can consider the example of work done for an extremely slow or quick process of a gas expanding. The work done for slow work will be different from that of a faster one, but their initial and final states won't have any effect.