Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 11th
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.54. Water which does not produce lathers with soap is known as hard water. Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca2+ and Mg2+.
On boiling, the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium decompose to insoluble carbonate which can be removed by filtration.
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.53. In water molecule, O is SP3 hybridized. Due to stronger lone pair-lone pair repulsion than bond pair-bond pair repulsions, the H-O-H bond angle decreases from 109.5° to 104.5°. Thus, water is bent molecule.
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.52. Many transition and inner-transition metals absorb hydrogen into the interstices of their lattices to yield metal like hydrides also called the interstitial hydrides. These hydrides are generally non stoichiometric and their composition vary with temperature and pressure.
For example, TiH1.73, CeH2.7
Two uses of interstitial hydrides are:
(i) In the storage of H2.
(ii) Catalyst for hydrogenation reaction.
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.51. Dihydrogen, under certain reaction conditions, combines with almost all elements, except noble gases, to form binary compounds, called hydrides. If 'E' is the symbol of an element then hydride can be expressed as EHx (e.g., MgH2) or EmHn (e.g., B2H6).
The hydrides are classified into three categories:
(i) Ionic or saline or saltlike hydrides
(ii) Covalent or molecular hydrides
(iii) Metallic or non-stoichiometric hydrides
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.50. The basic principle of hydrogen economy is the transportation and storage ofenergy in the form of liquid or gaseous dihydrogen. Advantage of hydrogen economyis that energy is transmitted in the form ofdihydrogen and not as electric power. It is for the first time in the history of India that a pilot project using dihydrogen as fuel was launched in October 2005 for running automobiles.Initially 5% dihydrogen has been mixed in CNG for use in four-wheeler vehicles. The percentage of dihydrogen would be gradually increased to reach the optimum level. Nowadays, it is also used in fuel cells for generation of electric power. It is
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.49. Some of the uses of H2O2 are listed below:
(i) In daily life it is used as a hair bleach andas a mild disinfectant. As an antiseptic it is sold in the market as perhydrol.
(ii) It is used to manufacture chemicals like sodium perborate and percarbonate, which are used in high quality detergents.
(iii) It is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone, tartaric acid and certain food products and pharmaceuticals (cephalosporin) etc.
(iv) It is employed in the industries as ableaching agent for textiles, paper pulp, leather, oils, fats, etc.
(v) Nowadays it is also used in Environmental (Green) Chemistry. For example, in pollution con
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.48. Dihydrogen is inactive at room temperature because of very highnegative dissociation enthalpy, it combines with almost all the elements under appropriate conditions to form hydrides.
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6 months agoContributor-Level 10
9.47. The H–H bond dissociation enthalpy of dihydrogen (435.88 kJ mol–1) is the highest for a single bond between two atoms of any elements. This property is made use of in the atomic hydrogen torch which generates a temperature of ~4000K and is ideal for welding of high melting metals.
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