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(a) Crystallisation: In this process the impure solid is dissolved in the minimum volume of a suitable solvent. The soluble impurities pass into the solution while the insoluble ones left behind. The hot solution is then filtered and allowed to cool undisturbed till crystallisation is complete
Inductive effect: The inductive effect refers to the polarity produced in a molecule as a result of higher electronegativity of one atom compared to another. Atoms or groups which lose electron towards a carbon atom are said to have +I Effect. Examples of +I effect are (Electron releasing) (CH3)2C—,
(a) They are structural isomers. The given compounds have the same molecular formula but they differ in the position of the functional group (here ketone group: first one at C-3 and second one at C-2 positions).
(b) They are geometrical isomers. Compounds having the same molecular formula, th
4.31. The electron pair involved in sharing between two atoms during covalent bonding is called shared pair or bond pair. At the same time, the electron pair which is not involved in sharing is called lone pair of electrons.
For example: CH4 has 4 bond pairs but H2O has 2 bond pairs and 2 lone p
Electrophiles: The name electrophiles mean electron loving. Electrophiles are electron deficient. They may be positive ions or neutral molecules. Ex: H+, Cl+, Br+, NO2+, R3C+, RN2+, AlCl3, BF3 Nucleophiles: The name nucleophiles means 'nucleus loving' and indicates that it attacks the region of low el