Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th

(i) & (ii) There are total 8 geometrical isomers of the given compound.

(iii) a) Pairs 1,2,6,7 Exhibit Position isomerism; means the change in position of the substituent.

b) Pairs 1,3 and 1,4 and 2,3 and 2,4 exhibit chain isomerism i.e. in this type of isomerism the different structures can be produced by changing the chain of the

c) Pairs 5,6 and 5,7 exhibit metamerism; e. different group on either side of the central atom.

d) All Primary amines exhibit functional isomers. All secondary amines share functional isomerism and same for The functional isomerism means same functional group.

8.7 The following reactions are involved when Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ act as reducing

Cr²⁺ = Cr3+ ( E^? _{Cr3+/ Cr2+} = - 0.41 V)

Fe²⁺⇒ Fe³⁺ (E^? _{Fe3+/ Fe2+} = +0.77 V)

Since, Cr has less potential value, Cr²⁺ gets oxidised easily than Fe²⁺. Therefore, Cr²⁺ is a better reducing agent that Fe³⁺.

(ii) Tertiary, because the Nitrogen atom is attached to the 3 carbon atoms.
(iii) Primary, because the nitrogen atom is attached to the only 1 carbon atom.
(iv) Secondary, because the nitrogen atom is attached to the only 1 carbon.

8.6 The oxidation state increases when an atom loses its Example: When Fe loses 2 electrons, its oxidation state becomes +2 from 0.

Oxygen (O) and fluorine (F) are very strong oxidizing agents. Both oxide and fluoride ions are highly electronegative and have a very small size, so they attract the electrons from metal atoms. Hence, they oxidize the metal to its the highest oxidation state.

5.25 

Emulsifiers form an interfacial film between the suspended particles and medium. It provide coating to every drop of suspended particle and prevent it from coagulating. And it remain suspended in medium. Ex- Proteins, gums, alcohols, Lampblack etc.

5.25

Emulsions –The system which has Liquid as both dispersed phase and dispersion medium. There are two types of emulsions

Oil in Water-Ex-Milk

Water in oil-Ex-Butter.

8.4 The E⁰ (M²⁺/M) value of a metal depends on the energy changes involved in the following reactions:

1. Sublimation energy: The energy needed to convert one mole of atoms from a solid state to gaseous

2. Ionization energy: The energy supplied to remove electrons from one mole of atoms, which are in the gaseous

3. Hydration energy: The energy emitted to hydrate one mole of

Now, copper has a high ionisation energy and low hydration energy. Hence, the E⁰ (M²⁺/M) value for copper is positive.

5.23 

(i) In this case Tyndall effect is observed i.e. scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light become visible.

(ii) The coagulation takes place in this case positive charge particles of Fe (OH)₂ gets attached with Cl^-. And of FeCl₃ is obtained.

(iii) In this case coagulation will take place. After passing electric current through colloidal solution particle will get attracted towards oppositely charged and lose their charge and coagulate.