Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th

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According to the valence band theory, the central metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its (n-1)d, ns, np (inner orbital complex) or ns, np, and (outer orbital complex)orbitals for hybridisation to form equivalent set of orbitals of definite geometry.

In [Ni (CN)₄]^2-, oxidation state of Ni can be calculated as :

Using overall charge balance as the whole ion has overall -2 charge:

x + 4 (-1) = -2 (? CN^- has -1 negative charge) x = + 2

Ni is in + 2 oxidation state.

Electronic configuration of Ni is: [Ar]3d⁸4s² Where, [Ar] = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

Electronic configuration of Ni⁺² = [Ar]3d⁸ Outer electronic configuration of Ni⁺² = 3

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14.27 How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.

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14.27

Vitamins can be defined as the essential dietary factors required by an organism in minute quantities and whose absence causes specific deficiency Vitamins are broadly classified into two types:-

(i) Fat-soluble vitamins:

These are oily substances not readily soluble in water. These include vitamins A, D, E and K. Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood.

(ii) Water-soluble vitamins:-

Vitamins that are soluble in water belong to this group. For example :B group vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, etc.) and vitamin C.

Vitamin H (Biotin) as an exception, it is neither soluble in water nor in fat

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14.26 What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins?

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Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th Coordination Compounds

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14.26

During denaturation, 2-degree and 3-degree structures of proteins are destroyed but 1- degree structure remains intact. As a result of denaturation, The globular proteins (soluble in water) are converted into Fibrous proteins (insoluble in water) and their biological activity is lost. For example, boiled egg which contains coagulated proteins cannot be hatched to produce chickens.

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9.4 Give evidence that [Co(NH₃ )₅Cl]SO₄ and [Co(NH₃ )₅ (SO₄ )]Cl are ionisation isomers.

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These compounds give different ions in aqueous solution. This can be tested by using AgNO₃ solution and BaCl₂

[Co (NH₃)₅Cl]SO_{4 (aq)} + BaCl_{2 (aq)} → BaSO_{4 (ppt)}

[Co (NH₃)₅Cl]SO_{4 (aq)} + AgNO_{3 (aq)} → no reaction

[Co (NH₃)₅ (SO₄)]Cl_(aq) + BaCl_{2 (aq)} → no reaction

[Co (NH₃)₅ (SO₄)]Cl_(aq) + AgNO_{3 (aq)} → AgCl_(ppt)

Hence, they give different precipitates with different solutions. Thus, they are ionisation isomers.

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14.25 What are enzymes?

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Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th Coordination Compounds

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14.25

Enzymes are naturally occurring simple conjugate proteins acting as specific catalysts in all processes. In contrast to ordinary chemical catalyst, it loses activity by pH or temperature change.

For example:- the enzyme used to catalyze the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose is named as maltase.

Enzymes are highly specific, i.e., a particular enzyme catalyses a specific reaction. For example, urase attacks on urea. This specific action is due to active sites present in the enzyme molecule (E) that fits into substrate (S) and forms E-S complex which changes into product P and E.

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions. They can cataly

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9.3 Indicate the types of isomerism exhibited by the following complexes and draw the structures for these isomers:

(i) K[Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄ )₂

(ii) [Co(en)₃ ]Cl₃

(iii) [Co(NH₃ )₅ (NO₂ )](NO₃ )₂

(iv) [Pt(NH₃ )(H₂O)Cl₂ ]

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Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th Coordination Compounds

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(i) K [Cr (H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)₂ exhibits geometrical isomerism (Cis and trans) and optical isomerism of cis and trans

(ii) Optical isomerism exhibiting mirror

(iii) Ionisation isomerism- [Co (NH₃)₅ (NO₃)] (NO₃) (NO₂) and Linkage isomerism- [Co (NH₃)₅ (ONO)] (NO₃)₂

(iv) Geometrical isomers are seen in [Pt (NH₃) (H₂O)Cl₂]

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9.2 Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:

(i) [Co(NH₃ )₆ ]Cl₃

(ii) [Co(NH₃ )₅Cl]Cl₂

(iii) K₃ [Fe(CN)₆ ]

(iv) K₃ [Fe(C₂O₄ )₃ ]

(v) K₂ [PdCl₄ ]

(vi) [Pt(NH₃ )₂Cl(NH₂CH₃ )]

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(i) Hexaminecobalt (III)chloride

(ii) Pentaaminechloridecobalt (III)chloride

(iii) Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)

(iv) Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III)

(v) Potassium tetrachloridopalladate (II)

(vi) Diaminechloride (methylamine)platinum (II)chloride

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14.24 How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?

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Ncert Solutions Chemistry Class 12th Coordination Compounds

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14.24

Amino acids contain an acidic (carboxyl group) and a basic (amino) group within the same molecule. In aqueous solution, they neutralize each other. The carboxyl group loses a proton while the amino group accepts it. S a result, a dipolar or zwitter-ion is formed.

In zwitter ionic form, the amino acid show amphoteric behaviour as they react with both acids and bases. In the acidic medium, COO^- ion of the zwitter-ion accepts a proton to form the cation first, while in the basic medium, ⁺NH₃ ion loses a proton to form the anion, as shown below:-

Thus, amino acids show amphoteric behaviour.

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9.1 Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds:

(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt(III) chloride

(ii) Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II)

(iii) Tris(ethane–1,2–diamine) chromium(III) chloride

(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)

(v) Dichloridobis(ethane–1,2–diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate

(vi) Iron(III) hexacyanidoferrate(II)

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(i) [Co (NH₃)₄ (H₂O)₂]Cl₃

(ii) K₂ [Ni (CN)₄]

(iii) [Pt (en)₃]NO₃

(iv) [Pt (NH₃)BrCl (NO₂)]

(v) [Pt (Cl)₂ (en)₂] (NO₃)₂

(vi) Fe₄ [Fe (CN)₆]₃

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14.23 Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins.

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